{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T21:32:34Z","timestamp":1785792754468,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FWO research project \u2018Plasmart\u2019","award":["G0C2822N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0C2822N"]}]},{"name":"EU Horizon","award":["HORIZON-CL2-2021-HERITAGE-01-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HORIZON-CL2-2021-HERITAGE-01-01"]}]},{"name":"MOXY project","award":["101061336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101061336"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cleaning historical silk textiles is a particularly sensitive operation that requires precise control to prevent mechanical or chemical damage. In this study, we investigate using flexible PVA\u2013borax-based gels to remove soot from silk, i.e., polyvinyl alcohol\u2013borax (PVA-B) gels and polyvinyl alcohol\u2013borax\u2013agarose double network gels (PVA-B\/AG DN) loaded with different cleaning agents\u2014namely, 30% ethanol and 1% Ecosurf EH-6\u2014in addition to plain gels loaded with water. These gel formulations were tested on simplified model systems (SMS) and were applied using two methods: placing and tamping. The cleaning results were compared with a traditional contact-cleaning approach; micro-vacuuming followed by sponging. Visual inspection, 3D opto-digital microscopy, colorimetry, and machine-learning-assisted (ML) soot counting were exploited for the assessment of cleaning efficacy. Rheological characterization provided information about the flexibility and handling properties of the different gel formulations. Among the tested systems, the DN gel containing only water, applied by tamping, was easy to handle and demonstrated the highest soot-removal effectiveness without leaving residues, as confirmed by micro-Fourier Transform Infrared (micro-FTIR) analysis. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs proved the structural integrity of the treated silk fibers. Overall, this work allows us to conclude that PVA\u2013borax-based gels offer an effective, adaptable, and low-risk cleaning strategy for historical silk fabrics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12010097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T09:21:40Z","timestamp":1769505700000},"page":"97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploring the Potential of Polyvinyl Alcohol\u2013Borax-Based Gels for the Conservation of Historical Silk Fabrics by Comparative Cleaning Tests on Simplified Model Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1807-3529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehab","family":"Al-Emam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservation, Faculty of Archaeology, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"},{"name":"ARCHES Research Group, Faculty of Design Sciences, University of Antwerp, Mutsaardstraat 31, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"AXIS Research Group, Faculty of Science, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9352-3910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Cremonesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARCHES Research Group, Faculty of Design Sciences, University of Antwerp, Mutsaardstraat 31, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"AXIS Research Group, Faculty of Science, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1715-6880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Ortega Saez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARCHES Research Group, Faculty of Design Sciences, University of Antwerp, Mutsaardstraat 31, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5311-500X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hilde","family":"Soenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nynas NV, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6752-6408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koen","family":"Janssens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARCHES Research Group, Faculty of Design Sciences, University of Antwerp, Mutsaardstraat 31, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"AXIS Research Group, Faculty of Science, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9985-0678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geert","family":"Van der Snickt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARCHES Research Group, Faculty of Design Sciences, University of Antwerp, Mutsaardstraat 31, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"AXIS Research Group, Faculty of Science, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Wilson, C.A., and Laing, R.M. 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