{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T02:50:55Z","timestamp":1790045455056,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research aims to develop a chitosan-coated, TH-loaded nanobilosomal gel (CH-TH-BG) to magnify the transdermal delivery and anti-inflammatory efficacy of thymol (TH) for the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Initially, chitosan-coated, TH-loaded bilosomes (CH-TH-BLs) were prepared and optimized by Box\u2013Behnken design. The optimized CH-TH-BLs exhibited enhanced entrapment efficiency (83.52%) and a positive zeta potential (+36.3 mV). Further, the optimized lyophilized CH-TH-BLs were incorporated into the carbopol gel (CH-TH-BG) and characterized thoroughly. The CH-TH-BG exhibited superior pharmaceutical properties, including high drug content (98.65 \u00b1 1.43%), optimal viscosity (10,400 \u00b1 12.6 cps), excellent spreadability (5.33 \u00b1 0.15 cm), extrudability, and a slightly acidic pH (5.40 \u00b1 0.10), which resembles the pH of human skin. In vitro drug release revealed that the developed gel exhibited a biphasic release pattern, with a rapid release followed by sustained release. Notably, ex vivo results revealed a ~2.0-fold increase in permeation flux and a ~2.8-fold increase in skin retention compared to the TH solution. In vivo results confirmed a significant reduction in paw edema and pro-inflammatory biomarkers (TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6), alongside recovery of body weight and ankle joints. In conclusion, the CH-TH-BG is a transformative transdermal platform for effective management of RA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12020156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T11:16:38Z","timestamp":1770722198000},"page":"156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploring the Potential of Transdermal Nanobilosomal Gel for Magnified Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy of Thymol for Managing Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8546-1628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepti","family":"Tripathi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Saharanpur 247341, Uttar Pradesh, India"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow 226028, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranjit","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Saharanpur 247341, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2161-3100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parveen","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anant Materials Pvt Ltd., Sonipat 131001, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0236-5954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Preeti","family":"Kush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Saharanpur 247341, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4771-1187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gul Naz","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow 226028, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.122698","article-title":"A comprehensive review of advanced drug delivery systems for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"635","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. 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