{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T11:28:45Z","timestamp":1770895725306,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2022-NR070832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2022-NR070832"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ischemic stroke triggers hypoxia, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Local oxygen delivery may prevent secondary injuries. Herein, we implanted a catalase-incorporated thiolated gelatin-based oxygen-releasing hydrogel sheet in a rat model of photothrombosis to evaluate early infarct attenuation and feasibility. Male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats were allocated to four groups (n = 6\/group): control at 24 h (G1), with hydrogel sheet at 24 h (G2), control at 72 h (G3), and with hydrogel sheet at 72 h (G4). Focal ischemia was induced with Rose Bengal and targeted illumination through a 6.0-mm cranial defect. A hydrogel sheet was applied to the cortex after surgery. The infarct burden was assessed by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), while mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Body weight was monitored as a safety measure. At 24 h, TTC showed a significant infarct reduction in G2 compared with G1. At 72 h, infarct measures did not differ significantly between G4 and G3. MRI and gene expression analyses did not show statistically significant between-group differences and are presented as exploratory outcomes. Weight and perioperative status were similar across groups, indicating short-term tolerability. The hydrogel sheet was associated with reduced TTC-defined infarct burden at 24 h in this model; confirmatory studies will require larger, powered cohorts, longer follow-up with functional testing, and in vivo oxygen release profiling to optimize dose, placement, and exposure time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12020159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T09:48:34Z","timestamp":1770889714000},"page":"159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of a Localized Oxygen-Releasing Hydrogel Sheet on Early-Stage Infarct Evolution in a Rat Photothrombotic Stroke Model: A Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5942-2836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kunhee","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Center for Precision Medicine Platform Based on Smart Hemo-Dynamic Index, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2678-4902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeong-Joong","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyoung-Joon","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6826-8490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min Kyun","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Medicine Platform Based on Smart Hemo-Dynamic Index, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyung Min","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyu-Sun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Center for Precision Medicine Platform Based on Smart Hemo-Dynamic Index, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(99)01401-0","article-title":"Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: An integrated view","volume":"22","author":"Dirnagl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01064-1","article-title":"Signaling pathways involved in ischemic stroke: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions","volume":"7","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Lu, L., Min, Y., Fu, X., Guo, K., Yang, W., Li, H., Xu, H., Guo, H., and Huang, Z. (2024). Efficacy and safety of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in acute ischaemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-024-03555-w"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Zhou, Y., Jia, Y., Wang, T., and Meng, D. (2023). Adverse effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1160774"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121943","article-title":"Oxygen-supplying syringe to create hyperoxia-inducible hydrogels for in situ tissue regeneration","volume":"293","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.08.032","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen-generating hydrogels","volume":"182","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/20417314241228118","article-title":"Biosubstitutes for dural closure: Unveiling research, application, and future prospects of dura mater alternatives","volume":"15","author":"Khurana","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.4463.2016","article-title":"Central Nervous System Oxygen Toxicity and Hyperbaric Oxygen Seizures","volume":"87","author":"Manning","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1159\/000362677","article-title":"Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Review","volume":"2","author":"Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interv. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2021.01.007","article-title":"Oxygen-Releasing Biomaterials: Current Challenges and Future Applications","volume":"39","author":"Willemen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.4502","article-title":"Oxygen Releasing Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering","volume":"62","author":"Alemdar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stuckey, S.M., Ong, L.K., Collins-Praino, L.E., and Turner, R.J. (2021). Neuroinflammation as a Key Driver of Secondary Neurodegeneration Following Stroke?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222313101"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.017793","article-title":"What Do Experimental Models Teach Us About Comorbidities in Stroke?","volume":"49","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2016.70.339-341","article-title":"Brain Edema After Ischaemic Stroke","volume":"70","author":"Dostovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Arch."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5178","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS00103A","article-title":"Biological Responses to Physicochemical Properties of Biomaterial Surface","volume":"49","author":"Rahmati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4496","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32147-w","article-title":"Dynamic Actuation Enhances Transport and Extends Therapeutic Lifespan in an Implantable Drug Delivery Platform","volume":"13","author":"Whyte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.007560","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Experimental Stroke and Comparison with Histology: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"46","author":"Milidonis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-016-0497-z","article-title":"Translational MR Neuroimaging of Stroke and Recovery","volume":"8","author":"Mandeville","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gureev, A.P., Sadovnikova, I.S., Chernyshova, E.V., Tsvetkova, A.D., Babenkova, P.I., Nesterova, V.V., Krutskikh, E.P., Volodina, D.E., Samoylova, N.A., and Andrianova, N.V. (2024). Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Mitigates Sensorimotor and Cognitive Impairments in a Photothrombosis-Induced Ischemic Stroke in Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115710"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3185","article-title":"Insights into the Regulation of Protein Abundance from Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analyses","volume":"13","author":"Vogel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, C., Li, P.-C., Jiao, Y., Yao, H.-H., Chen, Y.-C., Yang, J., Ding, J., Yang, X.-Y., and Teng, G.-J. (2016). Precise Characterization of the Penumbra Revealed by MRI: A Modified Photothrombotic Stroke Model Study. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153756"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.1c00427","article-title":"Attenuating Fibrotic Markers of Patient-Derived Dermal Fibroblasts by Thiolated Lignin Composites","volume":"7","author":"Belgodere","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-7378-2-13","article-title":"Functional assessments in the rodent stroke model","volume":"2","author":"Schaar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Transl. Stroke Med."}],"container-title":["Gels"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/12\/2\/159\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T10:46:16Z","timestamp":1770893176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/12\/2\/159"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["gels12020159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/gels12020159","relation":{},"ISSN":["2310-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2310-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]}}}