{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:40:28Z","timestamp":1787877628979,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020884","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["11240998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11240998"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020884","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel co-encapsulation platform based on curcumin-loaded liposomes (Cur-Lip) incorporated into thermosensitive hydrogels (TSH) was developed to address the physicochemical and biological limitations of topical curcumin (Cur) delivery. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize Pluronic\u00ae F-127, glycerol, and alginate concentrations with respect to gelation time and viscosity. The optimized formulation (22% Pluronic\u00ae F-127, 5% glycerol, and 0.5% alginate) exhibited rapid time sol\u2013gel transition (~86 s), suitable viscosity (~377 mPa\u00b7s), excellent model fitting (R2 = 0.99) and prediction accuracy. Three formulations (TSH, Cur-TSH, and Cur-Lip-TSH) were subsequently prepared and displayed appropriate thermoresponsive behavior. The Cur-Lip system showed high encapsulation efficiency (~78%). Upon incorporation into the TSH, Cur-Lip-TSH displayed increased viscosity and mechanical strength at physiological temperature. In vitro studies confirmed its cytocompatibility toward human keratinocytes, significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and no irritation potential as assessed by the Hen\u2019s Egg Test on the Chorioallantoic Membrane assay (HET-CAM). Overall, Cur-Lip-TSH represents a safe and robust thermosensitive platform that provides a foundation for future studies on controlled curcumin release and topical performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12020181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T15:57:11Z","timestamp":1771603031000},"page":"181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Design and Optimization of Thermosensitive Hydrogels Combined with Lipid Nanotechnology for Topical Curcumin Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0654-2322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Vergara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine\u2014Scientific Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEMT-BIOREN), Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Bioproducts, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"},{"name":"Millennium Nucleus Bioproducts, Genomics and Environmental Microbiology (BioGEM), Avenida Espa\u00f1a 1680, Valpara\u00edso 2390123, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjam\u00edn","family":"Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Millennium Nucleus Bioproducts, Genomics and Environmental Microbiology (BioGEM), Avenida Espa\u00f1a 1680, Valpara\u00edso 2390123, Chile"},{"name":"Chemistry and Pharmacy Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5558-5032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Sanhueza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Resilience, Adaptation and Mitigation (CReAM), Universidad Mayor, Temuco 4780000, Chile"},{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingenier\u00eda y Tecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Mayor, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariela","family":"Bustamante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations\u2014BIOREN, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"},{"name":"Centre of Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Excelencia en Investigaci\u00f3n Biotecnol\u00f3gica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7060-0656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca","family":"Acevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine\u2014Scientific Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEMT-BIOREN), Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Bioproducts, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"},{"name":"Millennium Nucleus Bioproducts, Genomics and Environmental Microbiology (BioGEM), Avenida Espa\u00f1a 1680, Valpara\u00edso 2390123, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Surfactant Technology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), C\/Jordi Girona 18\u201326, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16071","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.71","article-title":"Designing hydrogels for controlled drug delivery","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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