{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T03:56:41Z","timestamp":1791863801622,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012550","name":"National Research, Development, and Innovation Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["TKP2021-EGA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2021-EGA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012550","name":"National Research, Development, and Innovation Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EK\u00d6P-187-SZTE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EK\u00d6P-187-SZTE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003825","name":"Hungarian Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BO\/00244\/24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BO\/00244\/24"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease marked by the progressive destruction of periodontal tissues, where conventional therapies often fail to maintain adequate drug levels at the target site. This study reports the development and characterization of a thermosensitive gel containing nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for controlled local periodontal delivery. Apigenin (AP)-loaded NLC were prepared using AP as active agent and clove essential oil (CEO) as liquid lipid subsequently incorporated into Poloxamer 407 (5\u201315% w\/w) hydrogels. The formulations were evaluated in relation to particle size, morphology, thermal and rheological behavior, mucoadhesion, in vitro release, antibacterial activity, and stability. Optimized nanoscale NLC showed a high entrapment efficiency, and uniform morphology. Raman analysis confirmed successful AP incorporation and homogeneous distribution in the gel without incompatibility. NLC-loaded gels exhibited sol\u2013gel transition at physiological temperature with improved viscoelasticity and enhanced mucoadhesion. The drug release was sustained for 48 h and followed the Korsmeyer\u2013Peppas model, indicating diffusion-based and anomalous transport. The antibacterial assessment demonstrated the pronounced inhibitory activity of the NLC formulations against key periodontal pathogens, with the formulation-dependent modulation of antimicrobial efficacy observed following the gel incorporation. Stability studies showed preserved nanoparticle structure and uniform dispersion. Overall, the thermoresponsive NLC-hydrogel system offers a promising strategy for prolonged, localized periodontal therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12040268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T12:58:59Z","timestamp":1774357139000},"page":"268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Engineering Thermoresponsive In Situ Gels Incorporating Nutraceutical-Laden Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Controlled Periodontal Drug Release"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rabia","family":"Ashfaq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5593-1329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3842-8876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szilvia","family":"Berk\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1564-4813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Katona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5496-1710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Ambrus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6287-1093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tam\u00e1s Ferenc","family":"Polg\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Facility, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"HUN-REN-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1ria","family":"Sz\u00e9cs\u00e9nyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1300-2374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katalin","family":"Buri\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5187-5702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1ria","family":"Budai-Sz\u0171cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashfaq, R., Kov\u00e1cs, A., Berk\u00f3, S., and Budai-Sz\u0171cs, M. 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