{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:36:15Z","timestamp":1790631375359,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing demand for sustainable food preservation drives interest in edible nanoemulsions encapsulating bioactive compounds. This study developed casein\u2013lecithin-based nanoemulsions combining carvacrol (CV)\u2014a compound with potent antimicrobial and moderate antioxidant activity\u2014with vitamin E (VitE)\u2014a powerful antioxidant\u2014as multifunctional food coatings. Three formulations were prepared via homogenization: NE-CV (2% CV), NE-VitE (2% VitE), and NE-CV\/VitE (1% each). Physicochemical characterization revealed monomodal size distributions (22.7\u201357.7 nm), with successful encapsulation confirmed by FTIR. NE-CV\/VitE exhibited intermediate particle size (34.4 nm) and zeta potential (\u221219.8 mV). Antioxidant activity followed NE-VitE &gt; NE-CV\/VitE &gt; NE-CV, with the co-encapsulated system preserving VitE\u2019s radical scavenging (EC50 10.76 \u00b5L\/mL, DPPH). Remarkably, NE-CV\/VitE demonstrated enhanced antibacterial activity against E. coli, requiring half the CV concentration (0.07 mg\/mL) versus NE-CV alone (0.15 mg\/mL), while maintaining CV dose-dependent activity against S. aureus (0.30 mg\/mL). Nanoencapsulation significantly reduced CV cytotoxicity in human lymphocytes at concentrations up to 50 \u03bcg\/mL (48.8% cytostasis vs. 58.9% for free CV), with no genotoxic effects observed within this range, while preserving full bioactivity. In fresh minced pork over 6-day refrigerated storage, NE-CV\/VitE coating maintained pH stability (5.65\u20135.75), preserved red color (a* values 6.24 vs. 4.99 uncoated), reduced lipid oxidation (TBARS 0.74 vs. 0.82 mg MDA\/kg), and achieved a 99% reduction (2-log) in total viable counts versus uncoated controls. The CV\/VitE co-encapsulated nanoemulsion represents an integrated, safe, and effective multifunctional preservation technology with synergistic antimicrobial enhancement and uncompromised antioxidant protection, offering a natural alternative for comprehensive food quality preservation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12040300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T14:59:01Z","timestamp":1775055541000},"page":"300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Casein\u2013Lecithin Nanoemulsions Co-Encapsulating Vitamin E and Carvacrol as Multifunctional Edible Coatings for Meat Preservation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3585-9045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aris E.","family":"Giannakas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achilleas","family":"Kechagias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5166-0614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita","family":"Dormousoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Karakasidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2209-8355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Moschovas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Triantafyllou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0918-7759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Areti A.","family":"Leontiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Giannakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3941-0990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiota","family":"Stathopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6203-9942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apostolos","family":"Avgeropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9475-9354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantinos E.","family":"Salmas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito, B., Sessa, M.R., Sica, D., and Malandrino, O. 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