{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T14:20:38Z","timestamp":1780410038243,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A propolis-based nano-formulated bioadhesive oral gel (NBF gel) containing vitamins C and E has been proposed as a supportive topical therapy for oral mucosal lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes associated with the use of the gel during a 15-year institutional clinical experience and to assess its adjunctive effect on periodontal status in patients with intellectual disabilities. The study consisted of two components: a retrospective observational case series and a non-randomized controlled clinical study. In the retrospective component, 295 patients (219 females and 76 males) received topical NBF gel treatment for various oral mucosal conditions, including xerostomia-associated mucositis, inflammatory lesions, aphthous ulcers, herpes infections, glossodynia, leukoplakia, erythroplakia, and post-surgical conditions. Treatment response was assessed descriptively using patient-reported symptom improvement combined with clinical evaluation. Overall, treatment was considered successful in 265\/295 patients (89.8%), while 14\/295 patients (4.7%) were classified as ineffective and 16\/295 patients (5.4%) as inconclusive. More favorable responses were observed in inflammatory and post-treatment lesions than in potentially premalignant or neuropathic conditions. In the controlled periodontal component, 40 patients with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities were allocated into a control group performing toothbrushing alone and a test group additionally receiving topical NBF gel application. Periodontal status was assessed using the Basic Periodontal Examination (BPE) index at baseline and after 1 and 2 weeks. Adjunctive gel application was associated with greater improvement in periodontal status compared with toothbrushing alone. No clinically relevant adverse effects were documented during the observation period; however, because adverse events were not assessed using a predefined safety-monitoring protocol, these findings should be interpreted cautiously. The present findings suggest that the investigated nano-formulated bioadhesive oral gel may represent a potentially useful adjunctive topical therapy in selected oral mucosal and periodontal conditions. Further randomized controlled studies with standardized objective outcome measures are required to confirm these preliminary findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12060490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:45:08Z","timestamp":1780404308000},"page":"490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Outcomes Associated with a Propolis-Based Nano-Formulated Bioadhesive Oral Gel: A Retrospective Case Series and Non-Randomized Controlled Study in Patients with Intellectual Disabilities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Gy\u00f6rgy","family":"Szmirnov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgery and Stomatology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilona","family":"Szmirnova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgery and Stomatology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5065-4315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1kos Tam\u00e1s","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgery and Stomatology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Kammerhofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgery and Stomatology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"N\u00e9meth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgery and Stomatology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zs\u00f3fia","family":"Zubor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgery and Stomatology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gy\u00f6rgy","family":"Szab\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgery and Stomatology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/s41405-025-00360-6","article-title":"The effect of Nano-Bio Fusion gingival gel versus palatal stent on palatal wound healing after harvesting a free gingival graft: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Abdelrehim","year":"2025","journal-title":"BDJ Open"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2020.02.022","article-title":"Nano-Bio Fusion gingival gel in the management of fixed orthodontic treatment-induced gingivitis: An empirical study","volume":"159","author":"Alam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. 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