{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T10:13:56Z","timestamp":1791627236325,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24-44-02003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-44-02003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["24-44-02003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-44-02003"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03y2gwe85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wound infections due to antibiotic resistance pose a global public health problem. Phage therapy is a promising approach to address this issue. To improve localization, phage stability, delivery, and antibacterial performance, we propose polymer mix gel microbeads encapsulated with phages as a model for the delivery of phiKZ bacteriophage to combat Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Phages were loaded into the alginate pre-gel under magnetic stirring, with further cross-linking by chitosan and\/or Ca2+ ions. The obtained gel microbeads were characterized using FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, and their cytotoxicity and antimicrobial properties were evaluated. This study demonstrated the efficient loading of high-titer phage lysate, achieving up to 99% encapsulation efficiency for alginate\u2013chitosan microbeads. The key characteristics of the microbeads include stable physicochemical properties, slow but continuous phage release over 48 h in physiological saline, and low cytotoxicity. The phage-loaded microbeads demonstrated strong in vitro antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa PAO1, resulting in mean reductions of 6.9 log10 and 4.8 log10 CFU\/mL for alginate and alginate\u2013chitosan formulations, respectively. This corresponded to a decrease in bacterial concentration from approximately 1.1 \u00d7 1011 CFU\/mL in untreated controls to 1.1 \u00d7 105 CFU\/mL and 7.7 \u00d7 106 CFU\/mL for alginate and alginate\u2013chitosan formulations after 3 h of incubation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12060544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:49:42Z","timestamp":1781743782000},"page":"544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Alginate\u2013Chitosan Gel Microbeads for PhiKZ Encapsulation as a Model of Bacteriophage Delivery to Combat Pseudomonas aeruginosa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9531-2132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liubov I.","family":"Popova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, 1 International University Park Road, Shenzhen 518172, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2560-624X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizaveta A.","family":"Akoulina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, 1 International University Park Road, Shenzhen 518172, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7072-0693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgeniia Yu.","family":"Parshina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0168-9414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timofey A.","family":"Tarasov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, 1 International University Park Road, Shenzhen 518172, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hejia","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, 1 International University Park Road, Shenzhen 518172, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People\u2019s Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People\u2019s Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3307-7923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei A.","family":"Dudun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave., 33, Bld. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5894-9524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton P.","family":"Bonartsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, M.V. 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