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This study presents a preliminary evaluation of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) membranes for the removal of acrylic resins from mural paintings, comparing commercial medical-grade and laboratory-produced BNC with conventional gel systems under simulated application conditions. Both BNC types were characterized in terms of composition, pH, electrical conductivity, Water Holding Capacity and Water Retention Rate. Acetone loading via solvent exchange was assessed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), while mechanical behavior before and after solvent loading was evaluated through tensile testing and optical density measurements of the immersion media. The performance of BNCs and reference delivery systems was comparatively assessed in terms of solvent retention, solvent penetration depth into the substrate and residue release. Cleaning performance was investigated through FTIR spectroscopy and semi-quantitative image analysis as indirect indicators of residual resin content, on both mock-up samples and in situ applications. Under the tested conditions, both BNC membranes were compatible with acetone loading and maintained mechanical integrity after solvent exposure. FTIR analysis showed a reduction in the acrylic carbonyl band after treatment with acetone-loaded BNC, which exhibited greater solvent diffusion depth; the underlying removal mechanism, including the possible contribution of solvent-driven redistribution phenomena, remains to be clarified. Differences in reproducibility were observed between medical-grade and laboratory-produced BNC. Overall, the study provides experimental data contributing to the assessment of BNC membranes as bio-based solvent delivery systems for conservation practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12060551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T14:37:42Z","timestamp":1781879862000},"page":"551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preliminary Assessment of BNC Membranes as Solvent Delivery Systems for the Cleaning of Mural Paintings: Comparison with Traditional Gel Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9096-5975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Menconi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mural Paintings Laboratory, Central Institute for Restoration (ICR)\u2014Ministry of Culture, Via di San Michele 25, 00153 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8861-4119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulderico","family":"Santamaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization, Tuscia University, Largo dell\u2019Universit\u00e0, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6807-4730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Cardarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization, Tuscia University, Largo dell\u2019Universit\u00e0, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7703-2286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Imperio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Destructive Testing Laboratory, Central Institute for Restoration (ICR)\u2014Ministry of Culture, Via di San Michele 25, 00153 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6423-2570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Iafrate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mural Paintings Laboratory, Central Institute for Restoration (ICR)\u2014Ministry of Culture, Via di San Michele 25, 00153 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-2018-1296.ch015","article-title":"Gels for the Cleaning of Works of Art","volume":"Volume 1296","author":"Horkay","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Symposium Series"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chelu, M., and Musuc, A.M. 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