{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T19:28:05Z","timestamp":1783538885418,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Composite hydrogel based on acrylic acid and acrylamide, modified with metal ions (Ni2+, Al3+, Fe2+, Fe3+) with concentration 0.3 wt%, were synthesized in water or polyethylene glycol (with a molecular weight of 400 Da) at three monomer ratios (7\/3, 1\/1, 3\/7). Dynamic mechanical analysis shows that the equilibrium modulus of elasticity (Ge) of unmodified hydrogels increases with acrylamide content due to higher crosslinking density (ne) and smaller cell size. AlCl3 or NiCl2 strengthen the structure (Ge increases +53.5% in a 1\/1 ratio), while iron salts cause softening (decreases to 90% when using FeC2O4). Partial replacement of polyethylene glycol reduces the elasticity but when using AlCl3 happens synergistic increase ne 1.9 times in the ratio 3\/7. The self-healing efficiency reaches ~100% for FeCl3 in PEG gel in a ratio of 1\/1 and 72.1% for Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 hydrogel in 3\/7. The electrical conductivity of hydrogels increases in the range of Al3+&gt;Ni2+&gt;Fe3+, while matrix based on polyethylene glycol reduces the conductivity by an order of magnitude. For Ni2+-containing samples, pinched hysteresis loops are observed in both water and polyethylene glycol. In contrast, Al3+ causes rapid passivation in the water matrix, while in the matrix based on polyethylene glycol, the current\u2013voltage characteristics follow ohmic behavior. The results demonstrate the possibility of directional regulation of the mechanical, electrical, and self-healing efficiency of hydrogels by selecting the ratio of monomers, the nature of the ion modifier, and the type of solvent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12070565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:55:11Z","timestamp":1782780911000},"page":"565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of the Nature of Metal Ions and the Type of Solvent on the Mechanical, Self-Healing and Conductive Properties of Poly(AA-Co-AAm) Gels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5910-0741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arsenii","family":"Fateev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Chemical Engineering, ITMO University, Kronverksky Pr. 49, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulia","family":"Katina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Chemical Engineering, ITMO University, Kronverksky Pr. 49, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8875-4776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail","family":"Litvinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Chemical Engineering, ITMO University, Kronverksky Pr. 49, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4753-976X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Sitnikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Chemical Engineering, ITMO University, Kronverksky Pr. 49, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7581-8582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandr","family":"Podshivalov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Chemical Engineering, ITMO University, Kronverksky Pr. 49, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segneanu, A.E., Bejenaru, L.E., Bejenaru, C., Blendea, A., Mogo\u015fanu, G.D., Bi\u0163\u0103, A., and Boia, E.R. (2025). Advancements in Hydrogels: A Comprehensive Review of Natural and Synthetic Innovations for Biomedical Applications. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17152026"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, T.-C., Chang, C.-C., Chan, H.-P., Chung, T.-W., Shu, C.-W., Chuang, K.-P., Duh, T.-H., Yang, M.-H., and Tyan, Y.-C. (2022). Hydrogels: Properties and Applications in Biomedicine. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27092902"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtphys.2020.100258","article-title":"Hydrogel soft robotics","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Zhou, Y., Zhang, B., Zhang, C., Wang, J., and Wang, Z. (2021). Recent Progress on Plant-Inspired Soft Robotics with Hydrogel Building Blocks: Fabrication, Actuation and Application. Micromachines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12060608"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1039\/D5BM01789K","article-title":"Hydrogel-based wearable and implantable biosensors in health monitoring","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tavakoli, J., and Tang, Y. (2017). Hydrogel Based Sensors for Biomedical Applications: An Updated Review. Polymers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym9080364"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2012.09.001","article-title":"Hydrogels in sensing applications","volume":"37","author":"Buenger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xin, F., and Lyu, Q. (2023). A Review on Thermal Properties of Hydrogels for Electronic Devices Applications. Gels, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9010007"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debertrand, L., Zhao, J., Creton, C., and Narita, T. (2021). Swelling and Mechanical Properties of Polyacrylamide-Derivative Dual-Crosslink Hydrogels Having Metal-Ligand Coordination Bonds as Transient Crosslinks. Gels, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels7020072"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13838","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NJ02843C","article-title":"A review of recent advances in metal ion hydrogels: Mechanism, properties and their biological applications","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1163\/156856204322793575","article-title":"Polymer composition and acidification effects on the swelling and mechanical properties of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) superporous hydrogels","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chau, A.L., Getty, P.T., Rhode, A.R., Bates, C.M., Hawker, C.J., and Pitenis, A.A. (2022). Superlubricity of pH-responsive hydrogels in extreme environments. Front. Chem., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.891519"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300266","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.202300266","article-title":"Regulated the Swelling Properties of Poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) Hydrogel by Changing the Charge Density","volume":"224","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Macromol. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, H.-S., Rumon, M.M.H., Rahman Khan, M.M., and Jeong, J.-H. (2025). Toward Intelligent Materials with the Promise of Self-Healing Hydrogels in Flexible Devices. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17040542"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-023-00932-0","article-title":"A self-healing electrically conductive organogel composite","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2412726","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202412726","article-title":"High-Conductivity, Self-Healing, and Adhesive Ionic Hydrogels for Health Monitoring and Human-Machine Interactions Under Extreme Cold Conditions","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"16","article-title":"The effect of Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions on the structural parameters and sorption properties of poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) hydrogel","volume":"10","author":"Fateev","year":"2025","journal-title":"Butlerite Messages"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2107791","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202107791","article-title":"Tough, Transparent, 3D-Printable, and Self-Healing Poly(ethylene glycol)-Gel (PEGgel)","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400322","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202400322","article-title":"PEGgel-Based Multimodal Soft Sensors Capable of Decoupling Thermal and Mechanical Stimuli","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7450","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.6b01198","article-title":"Phase Controllable Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel with Iron(III) Ion\u2013Catechol Induced Dual Cross-Linking by Utilizing the Gap of Gelation Kinetics","volume":"49","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1002\/app.21836","article-title":"Metal ion retention properties of poly(acrylic acid) and poly[N-3-(dimethylamino)propyl acrylamide-co-acrylic acid]","volume":"97","author":"Rivas","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14159","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201708614","article-title":"Anti-freezing, Conductive Self-healing Organohydrogels with Stable Strain-Sensitivity at Subzero Temperatures","volume":"56","author":"Rong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109308","article-title":"Acrylic acid\/acrylamide based hydrogels and its properties\u2014A review","volume":"180","author":"Sennakesavan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100069","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202100069","article-title":"Evaluating Poly(Acrylamide-co-Acrylic Acid) Hydrogels Stress Relaxation to Direct the Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"21","author":"Drouin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christoforou, I., Kalatzis, A., Siamidi, A., Vlachou, M., Pispas, S., and Pippa, N. (2025). The Ubiquitous Use of Polyethylene Glycol in Pharmaceutical Design and Development: Technological Aspects and Future Perspectives. Nanomaterials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15231762"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8164","DOI":"10.1039\/D4MA00725E","article-title":"Facile fabrication of stretchable, anti-freezing, and stable organohydrogels for strain sensing at subzero temperatures","volume":"5","author":"Sher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1039\/C9SM02149C","article-title":"Thermodynamic control over energy dissipation modes in dual-network hydrogels based on metal\u2013ligand coordination","volume":"16","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-019-02840-w","article-title":"The properties of conventionally and microwave synthesized poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) hydrogels","volume":"77","author":"Erceg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simeonov, M., Apostolov, A.A., Georgieva, M., Tzankov, D., and Vassileva, E. (2023). Poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)\/Polyacrylamide pIPNs\/Magnetite Composite Hydrogels: Synthesis and Characterization. Gels, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9050365"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2016.01.030","article-title":"New versatile approach for analysis of PEG content in conjugates and complexes with biomacromolecules based on FTIR spectroscopy","volume":"141","author":"Deygen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-3910(90)90039-A","article-title":"Polymer complexes: Part XV\u2014Thermal stability of poly(ethylene glycol) homopolymer and polymer complexes of poly(ethylene glycol) with some transition metal chlorides","volume":"29","author":"Diab","year":"1990","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21369","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1906349116","article-title":"Expanding the stoichiometric window for metal cross-linked gel assembly using competition","volume":"116","author":"Cazzell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9151","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NJ00920A","article-title":"Ionic effects on the mechanical and swelling properties of a poly(acrylic acid\/acrylamide) double crosslinking hydrogel","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1080\/10601320600737484","article-title":"Synthesis of Some Polymer-Metal Complexes and Elucidation of their Structures","volume":"43","author":"Sari","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Macromol. Sci. Part A Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1021\/cr00068a003","article-title":"Thermodynamic and kinetic data for cation-macrocycle interaction","volume":"85","author":"Izatt","year":"1985","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2024.127913","article-title":"Robust, notch-insensitive and impact-resistance physical hydrogels with homogeneous topologic network enabled by partial hydrolysis and metal coordination","volume":"317","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., and Zhang, H. (2026). Metal-Ion-Coordinated Conductive Hydrogels for Strain Sensing from Coordination Design to Wearable Applications. Appl. Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/app16094450"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2017.12.064","article-title":"Mechanically redox-tunable hydrogels reinforced by hydrophobic association and metal ion coordination","volume":"207","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-3910(86)90045-5","article-title":"Degradation of polyacrylamide in aqueous solution induced by chemically generated hydroxyl radicals: Part I\u2014Fenton\u2019s reagent","volume":"14","author":"Ramsden","year":"1986","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1021\/jf703677v","article-title":"Acrylamide Release Resulting from Sunlight Irradiation of Aqueous Polyacrylamide\/Iron Mixtures","volume":"56","author":"Woodrow","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02603598808048670","article-title":"A Comparison of Some Aspects of the Aqueous Coordination Chemistry of Aluminum(III) and Iron(III)","volume":"8","author":"Crumbliss","year":"1988","journal-title":"Comments Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1902(60)80375-2","article-title":"The anion exchange of metal complexes\u2014IV: The iron(III)-chloride system","volume":"12","author":"Marcus","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800837","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.201800837","article-title":"Self-Healing Polymeric Hydrogel Formed by Metal\u2013Ligand Coordination Assembly: Design, Fabrication, and Biomedical Applications","volume":"40","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2021.149602","article-title":"A comprehensive study of acid and base treatment of 3D printed poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) scaffolds to tailor surface characteristics","volume":"555","author":"Bartnikowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7918","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5c00069","article-title":"Noncovalent Aggregation for Diverse Properties in Hydrogels: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"125","author":"Duan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/pj.2010.17","article-title":"Poly(ethylene glycol)-induced acceleration of free radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate: Effects of highly viscous solvent and kinetic study","volume":"42","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2409603","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202409603","article-title":"Photochemical Control of Network Topology in PEG Hydrogels","volume":"36","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5814","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.6b01860","article-title":"PEGylated Quasi-Ionic Liquid Electrolytes: Fundamental Physiochemical Properties and Electrodeposition of Aluminum","volume":"4","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.27962","article-title":"PEG-PLGA Copolymers Bearing Carboxylated Side Chains: Novel Hydrogels with Enhanced Crosslinking via Ionic Interactions","volume":"54","author":"Buwalda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-938X(02)00010-0","article-title":"Mechanism of iron corrosion in water\u2013polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) mixtures","volume":"44","author":"Guilminot","year":"2002","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41427-021-00349-1","article-title":"Design of self-healing and self-restoring materials utilizing reversible and movable crosslinks","volume":"14","author":"Ikura","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPG Asia Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.31635\/ccschem.020.202000303","article-title":"Covalently Cross-Linked and Mechanochemiluminescent Polyolefins Capable of Self-Healing and Self-Reporting","volume":"3","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"CCS Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100687","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.202100687","article-title":"Correlating Ionic Conductivity and Microstructure in Polyelectrolyte Hydrogels for Bioelectronic Devices","volume":"43","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2019.115161","article-title":"Optimizing conductivity and cationic transport in crosslinked solid polymer electrolytes","volume":"345","author":"Baroncini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S1044-0305(01)00350-6","article-title":"Poly(ethylene glycol) doubly and singly cationized by different alkali metal ions: Relative cation affinities and cation-dependent resolution in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer","volume":"13","author":"Bogan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2021). Rheology\u2014Part 2: General Principles of Rotational and Oscillatory Rheometry (Standard No. ISO 3219-2:2021)."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiblee, M.D.N.I., Ahmed, K., Yamazaki, Y., Kawakami, M., and Furukawa, H. (2020). Light Scattering and Rheological Studies of 3D\/4D Printable Shape Memory Gels Based on Poly(N,N-Dimethylacrylamide-co-Stearyl Acrylate and\/or Lauryl Acrylates). Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13010128"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9060","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201601613","article-title":"Self-Healing Hydrogels","volume":"28","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."}],"container-title":["Gels"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/12\/7\/565\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T17:59:16Z","timestamp":1783533556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/12\/7\/565"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["gels12070565"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/gels12070565","relation":{},"ISSN":["2310-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2310-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]}}}