{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T13:46:06Z","timestamp":1782913566872,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005047","name":"the Doctoral Start-up Foundation of Liaoning Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025-BS-0866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-BS-0866"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Liaoning Provincial Belt and Road Joint Laboratory for China-Pakistan Human Phenomics Research","award":["2026040003-JH6\/1013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026040003-JH6\/1013"]}]},{"name":"International Industrial Technology Research and Development Project of Liaoning Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["2025JH2\/101900023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JH2\/101900023"]}]},{"name":"Liaoning Provincial Department of Education","award":["LJ222410164024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LJ222410164024"]}]},{"name":"Liaoning Provincial Department of Education","award":["LJ222410164030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LJ222410164030"]}]},{"name":"Liaoning Province Science and Technology Plan Joint Program","award":["2024-BSLH-296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-BSLH-296"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU) are highly prevalent oral mucosal lesions, while current therapies are limited by short residence time and poor efficacy in the dynamic oral environment. Probiotics such as Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) exhibit antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and tissue-repair functions; however, their direct application is restricted by low stability and retention in the oral cavity. In this study, L. reuteri-loaded sodium alginate\/chitosan composite hydrogels were developed via ionic crosslinking as a bioadhesive platform for local delivery. The hydrogels exhibited well-defined porous structures, favorable viscoelastic properties, and tunable swelling and degradation behaviors under simulated physiological conditions. Importantly, the system enabled sustained probiotic release and maintained high viability during 30 days of storage. In vitro antibacterial assays demonstrated that the hydrogels effectively inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Among the formulations, the hydrogel with 10 mg\u00b7mL\u22121 chitosan achieved an optimal balance between structural stability and mass transfer, resulting in enhanced release performance and antibacterial efficacy. Overall, this study presents a microecology-oriented hydrogel system for efficient probiotic delivery in oral environments, offering a promising bioadhesive probiotic delivery platform with potential applications in RAU management and advancing the development of bioactive, mucosa-adaptive therapeutic platforms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12070581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T10:41:01Z","timestamp":1782902461000},"page":"581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioadhesive Alginate\/Chitosan Hydrogels for Sustained Probiotic Delivery and Enhanced Antibacterial Treatment of Oral Ulcers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zhixiong","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Systemic Important Diseases Associated with Oral Diseases, Shenyang 110034, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenlin","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Systemic Important Diseases Associated with Oral Diseases, Shenyang 110034, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanhe","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Systemic Important Diseases Associated with Oral Diseases, Shenyang 110034, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kebin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Systemic Important Diseases Associated with Oral Diseases, Shenyang 110034, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Systemic Important Diseases Associated with Oral Diseases, Shenyang 110034, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinfeng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Systemic Important Diseases Associated with Oral Diseases, Shenyang 110034, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Systemic Important Diseases Associated with Oral Diseases, Shenyang 110034, China"},{"name":"School of Stomatology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Human Ethnic Specificity and Phenomics of Critical Illness in Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110034, China"},{"name":"Liaoning Provincial Belt and Road Joint Laboratory for China-Pakistan Human Phenomics Research, Shenyang 110034, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Phenomics in Shenyang, Shenyang 110034, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-022-00178-0","article-title":"Difficult and Complicated Oral Ulceration: An Expert Consensus Guideline for Diagnosis","volume":"14","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. 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