{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T16:20:22Z","timestamp":1783009222172,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fluid-loss additives play a critical role in maintaining the stability and filtration-control performance of water-based drilling fluids during deep and high-temperature drilling operations. However, the development of microgel-based additives with both exceptional thermal stability and strong salt tolerance remains a major challenge under harsh drilling conditions. In this study, a covalently micro-crosslinked anionic copolymer-based microgel (PAAN) was synthesized via free-radical copolymerization of acrylamide, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, and N-vinylpyrrolidone using N,N\u2032-methylenebisacrylamide as the crosslinking agent. The chemical structure of PAAN is consistent with the design, with excellent thermal stability, and the starting temperature for thermal decomposition of polymer molecular chains is 297 \u00b0C. The weight average molecular weight of PAAN is 1.3396 \u00d7 106 g\/mol. After aging at 220 \u00b0C in the presence of 15 wt% NaCl, the PAAN-containing drilling fluid exhibited a high-temperature high-pressure filtration loss of only 15.6 mL. Even after prolonged aging for 168 h, the filtration loss remained at a relatively low level of 46.0 mL, indicating outstanding thermal stability and salt tolerance. Mechanistic analysis indicated that PAAN adsorbed onto bentonite surfaces through electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding, promoting clay-particle dispersion and colloidal stability. Moreover, the microgel network facilitated the formation of a compact and low-permeability filter cake, contributing to effective fluid-loss control under harsh conditions. These results demonstrate that microgel structural design is an effective strategy for improving the high-temperature and salt-resistant filtration-control performance of WBDFs, and PAAN shows strong potential for deep and ultra-deep drilling applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12070588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T14:43:14Z","timestamp":1783003394000},"page":"588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Covalently Micro-Crosslinked Anionic Copolymer-Based Microgel for High-Temperature and Salt-Tolerant Water-Based Drilling Fluids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8328-6336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haokun","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CNPC Great Wall Drilling Company, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas, Development Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinsheng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas, Development Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China"},{"name":"CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Ltd., Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNPC Great Wall Drilling Company, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNPC Great Wall Drilling Company, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNPC Great Wall Drilling Company, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rugang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNPC Great Wall Drilling Company, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNPC Great Wall Drilling Company, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Ltd., Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guowei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNPC Great Wall Drilling Company, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yihua","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNPC Great Wall Drilling Company, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas, Development Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1016\/S1876-3804(24)60470-2","article-title":"Research progress and key issues of ultra-deep oil and gas exploration in China","volume":"50","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pet. 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