{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:19:12Z","timestamp":1785424752631,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ORF-2026-815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORF-2026-815"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["ORF-2026-815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORF-2026-815"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02f81g417","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to assess the remineralization efficacy of NaF gel enriched with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HANPs) and bioactive glass nanoparticles (BAGNPs), with and without adjunctive Er, Cr: YSGG laser irradiation (ECL; 0.5 W, 5 Hz, 20 mJ\/pulse, 60 \u00b5s pulse duration, water\u2013air spray), on artificially demineralized enamel by evaluating enamel microhardness (MH), resin tag length (RTL), and shear bond strength (SBS) of pit and fissure sealants (PFSs). A total of 168 extracted human third molars free from cracks, fractures, erosion, enamel hypoplasia, surface irregularities, and any history of prior chemical or fluoride treatment were included in the study. All samples underwent continuous immersion in a demineralizing solution until specific DIAGNOdent values of 10-25 were achieved. Samples were randomly allocated into six groups (n = 28): Group 1 (untreated control), Group 2 (NaF gel), Group 3 (NaF + HANPs), Group 4 (NaF + BAGNPs), Group 5 (NaF + HANPs-ECL), and Group 6 (NaF + BAGNPs-ECL). Enamel MH was assessed using a Vickers MH tester (n = 8). RTL was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (n = 8). SBS was measured using a universal testing machine (n = 12), followed by failure mode analysis. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey\u2019s post hoc test (p &lt; 0.05). Group 5 (NaF + HANPs-ECL) exhibited the highest values for MH (366.20 \u00b1 26.11 HV), RTL (70.34 \u00b1 2.57 \u00b5m), and SBS (13.67 \u00b1 0.35 MPa), whereas the untreated control group exhibited the lowest values for all the outcomes. Groups 1 and 2 demonstrated comparable RTL and SBS values (p &gt; 0.05). The remaining groups exhibited significantly different MH, RTL, and SBS values (p &lt; 0.05). The ECL-assisted nanoparticle-integrated NaF gel significantly enhanced enamel MH, RTL, and shear SBS of PFS compared to NaF gel alone. HANPs demonstrated superior remineralization outcomes compared to BAGNPs across all tested parameters. The present findings support the adjunctive use of laser activation with nanoparticle-modified NaF gel as a promising strategy for optimizing sealant performance on demineralized enamel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12070597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T15:15:04Z","timestamp":1783091704000},"page":"597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nanoparticle-Enriched Sodium Fluoride Gel with and Without Er, Cr: YSGG Laser Activation: Effects on Enamel Microhardness and Sealant Bond Performance on Demineralized Enamel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1763-1271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Alrabiah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169-15, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5354-9492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahad","family":"Alkhudhairy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Restorative Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520908533","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Levels and Trends in Burden of Oral Conditions from 1990 to 2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study","volume":"99","author":"Bernabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-024-7843-4","article-title":"Minimum Intervention Oral Care: Staging and Grading Dental Carious Lesions in Clinical Practice","volume":"237","author":"Molyneux","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Dean, J.A., and McDonald, R.E. (2022). Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent Mental, Mosby\/Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-2500","article-title":"A Comparative Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength of Embrace WetbondTM Pit and Fissure Sealant with or without the Use of a Universal Dental Adhesive System [ScotchbondTM Universal Adhesive] Using Different Bonding Protocols: A Multiparametric In Vitro Study","volume":"16","author":"Swathy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.24876","article-title":"To Evaluate \u039cTBS, Microleakage, and Resin Tag Length via Scanning Electron Microscopy of Different Resin Sealants Clinpro and Embrace Bonded to the Intact Enamel in Primary Molars","volume":"88","author":"AlQhtani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.4103\/1305-7456.184167","article-title":"Role of Enamel Deminerlization and Remineralization on Microtensile Bond Strength of Resin Composite","volume":"10","author":"Rizvi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1159\/000493031","article-title":"State of the Art Enamel Remineralization Systems: The Next Frontier in Caries Management","volume":"53","author":"Philip","year":"2019","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4899","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.9b00591","article-title":"Remineralization, Regeneration, and Repair of Natural Tooth Structure: Influences on the Future of Restorative Dentistry Practice","volume":"5","author":"Haridy","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.15171\/joddd.2019.046","article-title":"Effect of Topical Fluoride on Microshear Bond Strength of Primary Enamel to Composite, Microhardness of Enamel and Its Surface Morphology: An in Vitro Study","volume":"13","author":"Biria","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res. Dent. Clin. Dent. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.17796\/1053-4625-43.5.5","article-title":"Effect of Remineralizing Agents on Bond Strength of Resin- Composites to Primary Enamel","volume":"43","author":"Abdelmegid","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-022-00722-1","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Demineralization, Part I: Attrition, Erosion, Abfraction, and Noncarious Cervical Lesions","volume":"20","author":"Roberts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114815","article-title":"Modified Casein-Stabilized Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles Prevent Dental Caries by Inhibiting the Growth of Streptococcus Mutans and Promoting the Remineralization of Tooth Enamel","volume":"254","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, A.S., Alhamdan, Y., Alibrahim, H., Almulhim, K.S., Nawaz, M., Ahmed, S.Z., Aljuaid, K., Ateeq, I.S., Akhtar, S., and Ansari, M.A. (2023). Analyses of Experimental Dental Adhesives Based on Zirconia\/Silver Phosphate Nanoparticles. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15122614"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, W., and Ge, S. (2019). Application of Antimicrobial Nanoparticles in Dentistry. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24061033"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4788668","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/4788668","article-title":"The Effect of Formulated Dentin Remineralizing Gel Containing Hydroxyapatite, Fluoride, and Bioactive Glass on Dentin Microhardness: An in Vitro Study","volume":"2024","author":"Asadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839207","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/839207","article-title":"Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles as a New Delivery System for Sustained 5-Fluorouracil Release: Characterization and Evaluation of Drug Release Mechanism","volume":"2015","author":"Farag","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"350","article-title":"Effect of Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate, Proanthocyanidin, Carbon Dioxide Laser Remineralization on the Bond Integrity of Composite Restoration Bonded to Caries-Affected Dentin","volume":"42","author":"Alkhudhairy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photobiomodul. Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2021-102","article-title":"Development of a Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticle-Based Gel for Enamel Remineralization \u2014A Physicochemical Properties and Cell Viability Assay Analysis","volume":"41","author":"Sari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.4103\/jcd.jcd_583_21","article-title":"Bioactive Remineralization of Dentin Surface with Calcium Phosphate-Based Agents: An in Vitro Analysis","volume":"25","author":"Devadiga","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Conserv. Dent."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6635","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10654-6","article-title":"Physical\/Mechanical and Antibacterial Properties of Orthodontic Adhesives Containing Sr-Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles, Calcium Phosphate, and Andrographolide","volume":"12","author":"Chaichana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15237","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72254-6","article-title":"Polymerization Shrinkage Behaviour of Resin Composites Functionalized with Unsilanized Bioactive Glass Fillers","volume":"10","author":"Par","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Q., Mei, M.L., Wu, X., Shi, S., Xu, Y., Chu, C.H., and Chen, Y. (2020). Remineralising Effect of 45S5 Bioactive Glass on Artificial Caries in Dentine. BMC Oral Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-1038-4"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/187493a0","article-title":"Stimulated Optical Radiation in Ruby","volume":"187","author":"Maiman","year":"1960","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maddah, F., Shirinzad, M., Khalafi, Z., Rezaei-Soufi, L., Mohammadi, Y., Eskandarloo, F., and Farmany, A. (2023). Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles and Their Effects on Remineralization of Demineralized Enamel in the Presence of Er,Cr: YSGG Laser Irradiation. BMC Oral Health, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03549-z"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.21608\/ajdsm.2020.23266.1141","article-title":"Biomimetic remineralization with nano-hydroxyapatite treatment of enamel erosion (an in vitro study)","volume":"24","author":"Wakwak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Al-Azhar J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2024.108030","article-title":"Rapid Regeneration of Artificial Enamel Using Laser-Assisted Biomineralization: With and without Mesoscale Hierarchy in Hydroxyapatite Rods","volume":"38","author":"Onuma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110061","article-title":"Laser-Assisted Biomineralization on Human Dentin for Tooth Surface Functionalization","volume":"105","author":"Oyane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126004","DOI":"10.1088\/1555-6611\/aae054","article-title":"Morphological, Structural and Hardness Changes of Human Dental Enamel Irradiated with a Nd:YAG Laser","volume":"28","author":"Afsheen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Laser Phys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e714","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.61561","article-title":"Remineralization Effect of Er;Cr:YSGG Laser Irradiation with or without Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride Application on Deciduous Teeth Enamel Surface with Induced White Spot Lesion. An in Vitro Study","volume":"16","author":"Mahdi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"238","article-title":"Smear Layer Removal from the Apical Third Using the Er,Cr:YSGG Photon-Induced Photoacoustic Streaming","volume":"16","author":"Rasheed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9611","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10082-x","article-title":"Laser-Assisted Rapid Mineralization of Human Tooth Enamel","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.118763","article-title":"Optical Characterisation and Photothermal Conversion Efficiency of a Water-Based Carbon Nanofluid for Direct Solar Absorption Applications","volume":"212","author":"Gasulla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.12.007","article-title":"Parameters Influencing the Performance of Nanoparticles-Laden Fluid-Based Solar Thermal Collectors: A Review on Optical Properties","volume":"84","author":"Bhalla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imran, E., Cooper, P.R., Ratnayake, J., Ekambaram, M., and Mei, M.L. (2023). Potential Beneficial Effects of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles on Caries Lesions In Vitro\u2014A Review of the Literature. Dent. J., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj11020040"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-2339","article-title":"Comparison of Remineralization Potential of Casein Phosphopeptide: Amorphous Calcium Phosphate, Nano-Hydroxyapatite and Calcium Sucrose Phosphate on Artificial Enamel Lesions: An In Vitro Study","volume":"15","author":"Sebastian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-022-00404-9","article-title":"Casein Phosphopeptide Amorphous Calcium Phosphate and Universal Adhesive Resin as a Complementary Approach for Management of White Spot Lesions: An in-Vitro Study","volume":"23","author":"Aref","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamdi, K., Elsebaai, A., Abdelshafi, M.A., and Hamama, H.H. (2024). Remineralization and Anti-Demineralization Effect of Orthodontic Adhesives on Enamel Surrounding Orthodontic Brackets: A Systematic Review of in Vitro Studies. BMC Oral Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-05237-y"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S221","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-2161","article-title":"Evaluation of Remineralizing Potential of CPP-ACP, CPP-ACP + F and \u03b2 TCP + F and Their Effect on Microhardness of Enamel Using Vickers Microhardness Test: An In Vitro Study","volume":"15","author":"Bhat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.4103\/JCD.JCD_13_19","article-title":"Remineralization Potential of Fluoride, Amorphous Calcium Phosphate-Casein Phosphopeptide, and Combination of Hydroxylapatite and Fluoride on Enamel Lesions: An in Vitro Comparative Evaluation","volume":"22","author":"Bandekar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Conserv. Dent."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2024.104210","article-title":"Remineralizing Pretreatment Using Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Fluoride, Self-Assembling Peptide, and Nanohydroxyapatite Gel Activation via Invisible Infrared Light on the Dentin Microhardness and Micro Shear Bond Strength to the Comp","volume":"47","author":"Almutairi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"133","article-title":"Effects of Er,Cr:YSGG Laser Disinfection on the Bond Strength of Bioactive-Restorative Materials to Caries-Affected Dentin","volume":"43","author":"Gurgan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Photobiomodul. Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9126699","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9126699","article-title":"Effects of Er, Cr: YSGG Laser on Shear Bond Strength of the Orthodontic Brackets for 5 and 10 Seconds: An In Vitro Study","volume":"2022","author":"Bagwan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Memarpour, M., Shafiei, F., Rafiee, A., Soltani, M., and Dashti, M.H. (2019). Effect of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles on Enamel Remineralization and Estimation of Fissure Sealant Bond Strength to Remineralized Tooth Surfaces: An in Vitro Study. BMC Oral Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0785-6"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-018-0363-4","article-title":"Influence of Fluoride Varnish on Shear Bond Strength of a Universal Adhesive on Intact and Demineralized Enamel","volume":"106","author":"Vicente","year":"2018","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-023-03864-5","article-title":"The Effect of the Er,Cr:YSGG Laser Combined Casein Phosphopeptide Amorphous Calcium Phosphate for Enamel Remineralisation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of in Vitro Studies","volume":"38","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"147","article-title":"The Influence of Erbium Laser Pretreatment on Dentin Shear Bond Strength and Bond Failure Modes: A Systematic Review and Network Me-ta-Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Dent."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(98)90128-7","article-title":"Pulpal thermal responses to an erbium, chromium:YSGG pulsed laser hydrokinetic system","volume":"86","author":"Rizoiu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Lwanga, S.K., and Lemeshow, S. (1991). Sample Size Determination in Health Studies: A Practical Manual, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod24.246","article-title":"Remineralization of Eroded Enamel for Improved Orthodontic Bracket Bonding: An in Vitro Study","volume":"55","year":"2025","journal-title":"Korean J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.131919.1","article-title":"A Comparative Evaluation of Micro Shear Bond Strength and Microleakage between the Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement and Residual Dentin Following Excavation of Carious Dentin Using Carie CareTM and Conventional Caries Removal in Primary Teeth: An in Vitro Study","volume":"12","author":"Nair","year":"2023","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572010000400002","article-title":"Ph-Cycling Models for In Vitro Evaluation of the Efficacy of Fluoridated Dentifrices for Caries Control: Strengths and Limitations","volume":"18","author":"Buzalaf","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"ZC97","article-title":"Impact of Nano Hydroxyapatite, Nano Silver Fluoride and Sodium Fluoride Varnish on Primary Enamel Remineralization: An in Vitro Study","volume":"11","author":"Nozari","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7256056","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7256056","article-title":"Nano-Hydroxyapatite Gel and Its Effects on Remineralization of Artificial Carious Lesions","volume":"2021","author":"Juntavee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.jispcd_42_24","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Application of Fluoride Bioactive Glass and Sodium Fluoride Toothpastes for Remineralization of Primary Tooth Enamel Lesions","volume":"15","author":"Poopirom","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Prev. Community Dent."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raszewski, Z., Chojnacka, K., and Mikulewicz, M. (2024). Investigating Bioactive-Glass-Infused Gels for Enamel Remineralization: An In Vitro Study. J. Funct. Biomater., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb15050119"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1515\/ntrev-2019-0035","article-title":"Synthesis of Nano Zirconium Oxide and Its Application in Dentistry","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aljamhan, A.S., Alrefeai, M.H., Alhabdan, A., Alhusseini, S.A., Farooq, I., Vohra, F., Naseem, M., and Alkhudhairy, F. (2021). Influence of Er-Cr-Ysgg Laser and Photodynamic Therapy on the Dentin Bond Integrity of Nano-Hydroxyapatite Containing Resin Dentin Adhesive: Sem-Edx, Micro-Raman, Micro-Tensile, and Ftir Evaluation. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13121903"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.24584","article-title":"Canal Disinfection Using Nd: YAG Laser, Synchronized Microbubble-Photodynamic Activation, and Carbon Quantum Dots on Microhardness, Smear Layer Removal, and Extrusion Bond Strength of Zirconia Post to Canal Dentin. An Invitro Scanning Electron Microscopic","volume":"87","author":"Alkhudhairy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-012-1094-3","article-title":"The Effect of Nd:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG Lasers on the Microhardness of Human Dentin","volume":"28","author":"Palamara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e28324","article-title":"Micro-Tensile Bond Strength of Two Pit and Fissure Sealants to Intact Enamel","volume":"10","author":"Sesiashvilli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2002.129184","article-title":"Influence of a Microbrush on Bonding Fiber Post into Root Canals under Clinical Conditions","volume":"94","author":"Ferrari","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."}],"container-title":["Gels"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/12\/7\/597\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T04:10:35Z","timestamp":1783743035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/12\/7\/597"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["gels12070597"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/gels12070597","relation":{},"ISSN":["2310-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2310-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]}}}