{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:47:12Z","timestamp":1792093632077,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011789","name":"Jilin Province Science and Technology Department","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["YDZJ202503CGZH044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YDZJ202503CGZH044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011789","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["YDZJ202503CGZH044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YDZJ202503CGZH044"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049x38272","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To overcome the limitations of repeated GH injection therapy, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)\/hyaluronic acid (HA) composite hydrogel microneedles were fabricated for potential non-invasive transdermal delivery of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) and long-acting human growth hormone Fc fusion protein (hGH-Fc). All-atom molecular dynamics simulations combined with morphological, mechanical, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization were applied to screen optimal microneedle formulations, with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and Parafilm M penetration tests verifying physicochemical compatibility and insertion capability. MD simulations revealed that rhGH stabilized the matrix via hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions, while hGH-Fc bound mainly through van der Waals forces. Through orthogonal screening of GelMA (5%, 10%, 15%) and HA (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5%), the 10% GelMA with 0.5\u20132% HA was identified as the optimal range; the representative 10% GelMA\/1% HA formulation exhibited a single-tip force exceeding 1.40 N and ~500 \u03bcm penetration in Parafilm M. This study offers a theoretical and technical basis for the design and optimization of hydrogel microneedle carriers for short- and long-acting GH delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12080666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T13:53:26Z","timestamp":1784901206000},"page":"666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Characterization of GelMA\/HA Composite Microneedles for Potential Growth Hormone Transdermal Delivery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jianyang","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binghuai","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongbo","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvaf131","article-title":"Phase 1 study and population PK\/PD modeling of long-acting growth hormone, GB08, to guide pediatric dosing","volume":"193","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. 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