{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:49:09Z","timestamp":1785905349042,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi of China","award":["2025JC-YBQN-596"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JC-YBQN-596"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi of China","award":["2024JC-YBMS-449"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JC-YBMS-449"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF","award":["GZC20232066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZC20232066"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52130604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52130604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52130604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52130604"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering (Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017zhmm22","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ZR2025MS940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2025MS940"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Localized densification of nanoporous silica under combined mechanical compression and elevated temperature involves coupled pore collapse, skeletal rearrangement, and thermally activated sintering. Clarifying how local pre-compression regulates these processes is important for understanding the surface and near-surface densification of nanoporous silica and related porous materials. In this study, the microscopic sintering behavior of a silica-inspired aerogel-like nanoporous model under the coupling of non-uniform local stress and high-temperature fields (indentation depths of 50\u2013150 \u00c5 and temperatures of 298\u20131800 K) was systematically investigated using molecular dynamics simulations combined with a three-dimensional (3D) topological recognition algorithm (probe sphere method and DBSCAN clustering). The results indicate that the sintering densification of the silica-inspired aerogel model exhibits significant pore-size dependence and a \u201cdepth-temperature inverse relationship\u201d: the local pre-compression induced by the 150 \u00c5 indentation facilitates thermally activated atomic rearrangement and shifts the onset of densification to a lower temperature, leading to an early bimodal splitting of the pore size distribution at 1300 K, accompanied by a significant jump in the elastic modulus from 3.0 to 10.07 GPa. In contrast, the 50 \u00c5 shallow region requires heating to 1800 K to achieve an equivalent densification effect. Furthermore, topological analysis quantitatively reveals the phase transition process of the pore network from connected to isolated: taking 1300 K as an example, the number of connected pore clusters decreases from the initial 86 to 70 (at 1000 ps), marking the fracture of the connected network; subsequently, the number of isolated pores surges to 4861, and the residual connected framework is severely fragmented into 136 micro-clusters. Based on the above microstructural and topological evolution data, a four-stage thermo-mechanical synergistic evolution process of the silica-inspired aerogel model is summarized. These findings provide quantitative fundamental data that conceptually supports the design of functional gradient structures with alternating \u201cdense-thermally-conductive\u201d and \u201cporous-thermally-insulating\u201d layers within a single continuous aerogel matrix; such structures may be realized in the future through strategies such as arrayed nanoindentation combined with high-temperature sintering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12080684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T12:57:56Z","timestamp":1785761876000},"page":"684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Silica-Inspired Aerogel Thermal Metamaterials with Gradient Porosity: High-Temperature-Induced Pore Sintering Evolution via Nanoindentation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yiming","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8307-0869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering (Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuxu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6343-6077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Hydrogen Energy Equipment and Safety, College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9614-5508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mu","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, China"},{"name":"Institute for Advanced Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1039\/D5TC03531G","article-title":"Rational structural design of flexible thermally conductive composites for advanced thermal management: A review","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. 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