{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:34:56Z","timestamp":1790638496995,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52403052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52403052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["52403052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52403052"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LQ24E030012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ24E030012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["LQ24E030012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ24E030012"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04aqat463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Developing fiber-shaped supercapacitors (FSCs) with high capacitance, high energy density, and exceptional rate performance is crucial for reliable, stable and high-performance wearable electronics. Here, a polyaniline (PANI) @ MXene Ti3C2Tx\/graphene (PTG) aerogel fiber was rationally fabricated via a confined hydrothermal method followed by freeze-drying treatment. The graphene sheets construct the skeleton of the aerogel fiber, which possesses a porous and interlinked structure, providing interconnected diffusion channels and a high specific surface area that promote electrolyte migration and abundant ion adsorption sites. Moreover, the covalent modification between PANI nanoparticles and Ti3C2Tx sheets can significantly improve interfacial coupling and provide abundant redox sites, resulting in a reduced energy barrier of electron transfer, good interfacial stability and superior H+ storage capability. As a consequence, the PTG aerogel fiber electrode delivers an excellent specific mass capacitance of 484.8 F g\u22121, impressive rate properties (244.4 F g\u22121 at 10 A g\u22121) and exceptional cycle ability (85.2% after 5000 cycles). Additionally, the fabricated symmetrical FSC exhibits considerable electrochemical performance, including high capacitance and good energy density. This work depicts a novel route to prepare a graphene fiber-based electrode for high-performance FSCs in an intelligent wearable system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12080690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:16:27Z","timestamp":1785766587000},"page":"690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["High-Performance Fiber-Shaped Supercapacitors Enabled by Polyaniline @ MXene Ti3C2Tx Hybrid Graphene Aerogel Fiber"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1405-1189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ran","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Artificial Intelligence, Ningbo University of Finance and Economics, Ningbo 315175, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7217-5016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingquan","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Collaborative Innovation Center for Full-Process Monitoring and Green Governance of Emerging Contaminants, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-025-01386-2","article-title":"A smart acoustic textile for health monitoring","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08155-9","article-title":"Bioelastic state recovery for haptic sensory substitution","volume":"635","author":"Flavin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2416275","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202416275","article-title":"Bioinspired Super-Robust Conductive Hydrogels for Machine Learning-Assisted Tactile Perception System","volume":"37","author":"Xue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s42114-024-01089-w","article-title":"Self-healing polyurethane\/cellulose nanocrystal composite fibers with fatigue and aging resistance for smart wearable elastic yarns","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2023.158869","article-title":"Efficiently removal of tetracycline via synergistic photocatalysis with Fenton reaction with biochar\/FeOOH","volume":"645","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16053","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c03111","article-title":"Surface Tension-Driven Self-Planarization of MXene Liquid Crystalline Fiber for High-Performance Energy Storage","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2025.117346","article-title":"Polyaniline nanowires anchored on MXene quantum dots\/graphene composite fibers with 0D-1D-2D hierarchical structure for high-performance wearable supercapacitors","volume":"129","author":"Jia","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2025.122159","article-title":"Carbon nanotube-interpenetrated multimetal selenides surface decorated with N-doped graphene quantum dots for high-performance supercapacitors","volume":"318","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2025.134402","article-title":"Ultrathin reduced graphene oxide hollow fiber membranes with tailored graphitic domain for organic solvent nanofiltration","volume":"377","author":"Moghadam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05866","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202505866","article-title":"Synergistic Optimization of Pore and Conductive Network of Short-Cut Graphene Porous Fibers for Lightweight Broadband Electromagnetic Wave Absorption","volume":"21","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2025.120504","article-title":"Tailoring the \u201caccessible sites\u201d of nitrogen-doped graphene fibers via balancing the hydrogen bonds and \u03c0-\u03c0 attraction towards superior volumetric capacitance","volume":"243","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2019.03.015","article-title":"Heterogeneous graphene\/polypyrrole multilayered microtube with enhanced capacitance","volume":"304","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2015.05.004","article-title":"Scalable non-liquid-crystal spinning of locally aligned graphene fibers for high-performance wearable supercapacitors","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2419582","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202419582","article-title":"Anion Vacancies Coupling with Heterostructures Enable Advanced Aerogel Cathode for Ultrafast Aqueous Zinc-Ion Storage","volume":"37","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57646-4","article-title":"Gradient all-nanostructured aerogel fibers for enhanced thermal insulation and mechanical properties","volume":"16","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2025.116207","article-title":"Performance study of an environmentally friendly, flame-retardant, and sustainable energy storage composite phase change material based on sepiolite-gelatin-graphene aerogel","volume":"117","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2949","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.0c00024","article-title":"Effects of Electrolyte Mediation and MXene Size in Fiber-Shaped Supercapacitors","volume":"3","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22113","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA07999K","article-title":"MXene\/graphene hybrid fibers for high performance flexible supercapacitors","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2025.128885","article-title":"Preparation of graphene\/polyaniline composites by synchronous mechanical exfoliation and their application in elastic fiber supercapacitors","volume":"336","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28532","DOI":"10.1039\/D5TA02969D","article-title":"Scalable, thermally stabilized MOF-graphene fibers with hierarchical porosity for high-performance energy storage devices","volume":"13","author":"Nobakht","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2025.181796","article-title":"Wearable and flexible graphene\/Ti(OH)4 fiber electrode with high volumetric capacitance and energy density","volume":"1036","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2022.11.102","article-title":"Highly stable polyaniline array@ partially reduced graphene oxide hybrid fiber for high-performance flexible supercapacitors","volume":"203","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.136703","article-title":"Rationally designed S-scheme heterojunction of C3N4\/Bi2MoO6\/carbon fiber cloth as a recyclable, macroscopic and efficient photocatalyst for wastewater treatment","volume":"445","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56892","DOI":"10.1002\/app.56892","article-title":"Intercalating PANI Nanoparticles Into Ti3C2Tx MXene Fiber to Construct Open Ion Diffusion Channels for High-Performance Flexible One Dimensional Supercapacitors","volume":"142","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110636","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202110636","article-title":"Reshapable MXene\/Graphene Oxide\/Polyaniline Plastic Hybrids with Patternable Surfaces for Highly Efficient Solar-Driven Water Purification","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2025.134489","article-title":"Sulfonated graphene porous nanofiber membrane with ion exchange function for the removal of heavy metal ions from water","volume":"377","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2021.01.095","article-title":"Magnetically recyclable and remarkably efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic hexavalent chromium removal based on plasmonic biochar\/bismuth\/ferroferric oxide heterojunction","volume":"590","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.123826","article-title":"Ellagic acid-grafted carboxymethyl chitosan\/graphene oxide-coated nanofibrous membrane for immunomodulatory periosteal regeneration","volume":"366","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.129157","article-title":"Construction of CoFe2O4\/Fe2O3 S-type heterojunctions on biochar for activating peroxymonosulfate towards simultaneous removal of TC and Cr(VI)","volume":"354","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2024.07.015","article-title":"Carbon quantum dots and interfacial chemical bond synergistically modulated S-scheme Mn0.5Cd0.5S\/BiOBr photocatalyst for efficient water purification","volume":"214","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2025.109120","article-title":"A sandwich-structured flexible carbon fiber with RGO\/CoFe2O4 electromagnetic synergistic enhancement for efficient electromagnetic wave absorption and thermal management","volume":"198","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Compos. Part A"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302326","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202302326","article-title":"Robust PANI@MXene\/GQDs-Based Fiber Fabric Electrodes via Microfluidic Wet-Fusing Spinning Chemistry","volume":"35","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2021.128191","article-title":"Direct carbonization of sodium lignosulfonate through self-template strategies for the synthesis of porous carbons toward supercapacitor applications","volume":"636","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106242","article-title":"In situ polymerized polyaniline\/MXene (V2C) as building blocks of supercapacitor and ammonia sensor self-powered by electromagnetic-triboelectric hybrid generator","volume":"88","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401438","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201401438","article-title":"Novel Wearable Energy Devices Based on Aligned Carbon Nanotube Fiber Textiles","volume":"5","author":"Pan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5463","DOI":"10.1039\/D2QI01641A","article-title":"Compositing MXenes with hierarchical ZIF-67\/cobalt hydroxideviacontrollablein situetching for a high-performance supercapacitor","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Front."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2019.227398","article-title":"Facile fabrication of flexible rGO\/MXene hybrid fiber-like electrode with high volumetric capacitance","volume":"448","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20635","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TA03663G","article-title":"High-performance wearable supercapacitors based on PANI\/N-CNT@CNT fiber with a designed hierarchical core-sheath structure","volume":"9","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8126","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201403243","article-title":"Electrochromic Fiber-Shaped Supercapacitors","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/15280837221130512","article-title":"Preparation and physical properties of conductive silk fabrics used in wearable clothes and flexible supercapacitors","volume":"52","author":"Khairy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ind. Text."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12883","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12883","article-title":"High-Performance Flexible Solid-State Carbon Cloth Supercapacitors Based on Highly Processible N-Graphene Doped Polyacrylic Acid\/Polyaniline Composites","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13453","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201307619","article-title":"A Highly Stretchable, Fiber-Shaped Supercapacitor","volume":"52","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbas, Q., Javed, M., Ahmad, A., Siyal, S., Asim, I., Luque, R., Albaqami, M., and Tighezza, A. (2021). ZnO Nano-Flowers Assembled on Carbon Fiber Textile for High-Performance Supercapacitor\u2019s Electrode. Coatings, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings11111337"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2019.152993","article-title":"High-performance symmetric supercapacitor device based on carbonized iron-polyaniline\/nickel graphene foam","volume":"819","author":"Rantho","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2021.102289","article-title":"Symmetric Supercapacitors with layer-by-layer Molybdenum disulfide\u2014Reduced graphene oxide structures and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanoparticles nanohybrid electrode","volume":"35","author":"Sarmah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2025.121206","article-title":"Scalable assembly of polyaniline\/Ti3C2Tx MXene modified cotton yarn flexible electrode for high-performance wearable energy storage","volume":"305","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.136836","article-title":"Chitosan derived nitrogen and oxygen dual-doped hierarchical porous carbon\/Ti3C2Tx MXene fiber for flexible cable shaped lithium-selenium battery","volume":"282","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11056","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b05092","article-title":"Hydrothermally Activated Graphene Fiber Fabrics for Textile Electrodes of Supercapacitors","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2018.03.199","article-title":"Micro-\/mesoporous carbon nanofibers embedded with ordered carbon for flexible supercapacitors","volume":"271","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13359","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA24214B","article-title":"Electrodeposition of polypyrrole on carbon nanotube-coated cotton fabrics for all-solid flexible supercapacitor electrodes","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2016.05.007","article-title":"Multifunctional CuO nanowire embodied structural supercapacitor based on woven carbon fiber\/ionic liquid\u2013polyester resin","volume":"87","author":"Deka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Part A"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39742","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA08403C","article-title":"Polypyrrole\u2013MXene coated textile-based flexible energy storage device","volume":"8","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4043","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.0c00491","article-title":"Flexible Supercapacitors Fabricated by Growing Porous NiCo2O4 In Situ on a Carbon Nanotube Film Using a Hyperbranched Polymer Template","volume":"3","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2019.100995","article-title":"Synthesis of multiwall carbon nanotubes via an inert atmosphere absent autogenetic-pressure method for supercapacitor","volume":"26","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2022.106985","article-title":"Elastic polyaniline nanoarrays\/MXene textiles for all-solid-state supercapacitors and anisotropic strain sensors","volume":"158","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. Part A"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2019.05.054","article-title":"Fabrication of MnO2-carbonized cotton yarn derived hierarchical porous active carbon flexible supercapacitor electrodes for potential applications in cable-type devices","volume":"487","author":"Ullah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."}],"container-title":["Gels"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/12\/8\/690\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:17:45Z","timestamp":1785903465000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/12\/8\/690"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["gels12080690"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/gels12080690","relation":{},"ISSN":["2310-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2310-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]}}}