{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T10:44:47Z","timestamp":1785926687866,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003243","name":"Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NW24J-02-00061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NW24J-02-00061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003243","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Czech Technical University","award":["SGS25\/183\/OHK4\/3T\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGS25\/183\/OHK4\/3T\/17"]}]},{"award":["SGS25\/183\/OHK4\/3T\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGS25\/183\/OHK4\/3T\/17"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00j7bab93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydrogel-based three-dimensional culture systems are widely used in tissue engineering; however, their maturation is often limited under static conditions. This study investigates the combined effects of dynamic perfusion and initial cell seeding density on remodeling behavior and mechanical properties of bioprinted collagen hydrogel constructs, with additional assessment of smooth muscle cell-like (SMC) differentiation. Rectangular constructs (30 \u00d7 15 \u00d7 1.5 mm) were fabricated using high-concentration collagen (30 mg\/mL) with cell densities of 10 and 20 million cells\/mL. MCDB- and DMEM-based media were first compared using growth curves, leading to the selection of MCDB differentiation medium for subsequent experiments. Constructs were then cultured statically or under dynamic perfusion (20 mL\/min) for up to 7 days. Remodeling was evaluated by monitoring changes in construct dimensions over time. Static constructs exhibited non-uniform deformation and rolling, whereas dynamically perfused samples retained their geometry and underwent homogeneous contraction. Mechanical testing revealed a transition from stiff and brittle to more compliant and ductile behavior, with preserved load-bearing capacity at large strains. Remodeling and mechanical outcomes were strongly influenced by cell density and culture medium, with differentiation conditions promoting more stable constructs. These changes were accompanied by increased expression of smooth muscle\u2013related markers under dynamic culture. Overall, dynamic perfusion and cell seeding density jointly govern remodeling and mechanical maturation of bioprinted collagen constructs, highlighting their importance for functional hydrogel-based tissue development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12080698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T09:16:22Z","timestamp":1785921382000},"page":"698","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dynamic Perfusion and Cell Seeding Density Govern Remodeling and Mechanical Maturation of Bioprinted Collagen Constructs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2035-2064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denisa","family":"Ka\u0148okov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sitna 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9763-6405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"Mat\u011bjkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sitna 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3282-1941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Ot\u00e1hal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sitna 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"\u017digmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sitna 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9619-9135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Skalov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Care and Population Protection, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sitna 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5561-1824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margit","family":"\u017daloudkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Composites and Carbon Materials, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 09 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0902-9059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"\u0160upov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Composites and Carbon Materials, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 09 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9596-3069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Mat\u011bjka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sitna 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stepanovska, J., Supova, M., Hanzalek, K., Broz, A., and Matejka, R. 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