{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T11:17:24Z","timestamp":1788434244765,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22167019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22167019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["22167019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22167019"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Youth Science and Technology Innovation Personnel Training Project","award":["NJYT23113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJYT23113"]}]},{"name":"Natural science Fund of Inner Mongolia Province","award":["2023LHMS02003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023LHMS02003"]}]},{"name":"Natural science fund of Inner Mongolia Medical University","award":["YKD2023MS078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YKD2023MS078"]}]},{"name":"Technology Innovation Team for Mongolian Medicine modernization research of Inner Mongolia medical university","award":["MYX2022-S11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MYX2022-S11"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study developed novel immunostimulatory hydrogels composed of aldehyde-modified Arnebia euchroma polysaccharide (oxidized ARP, O-ARP) and gelatin (GE) for oligonucleotide delivery. Structural characterization of three O-ARP derivatives with varying degrees of oxidation confirmed reduced molecular weight, a preserved yet altered molar ratio of monosaccharide composition, and triple-helical conformation. Hydrogels (GE-O1, GE-O2, GE-O3) were formed via a Schiff base reaction between aldehyde and amino groups. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that O-ARP and gelatin can form a stable three-dimensional (3D) network via hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions. In vitro studies demonstrated that both the O1-ARP derivative and GE-O1 hydrogel significantly improved RAW 264.7 macrophage viability, phagocytosis, NO production, and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, including IL-6, IL-1\u03b2, and TNF-\u03b1. The cationic GE-O1 hydrogel efficiently loaded anionic CpG oligonucleotides (CpG-ODN 1862) via electrostatic interaction, forming GE-O1-CpG complexes and promoting cellular uptake. Importantly, the GE-O1-CpG complex exhibited superior immunomodulatory effects compared with either GE-O1 or CpG alone, indicating a synergistic dual immunostimulatory response. In vivo studies confirmed the biosafety of GE-O1-CpG. Using OVA as a model antigen, GE-O1-CpG\/OVA enhanced both humoral and cellular immune responses. These findings support GE-O1-CpG hydrogels as potential system for combined immunomodulation and nucleotide delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12080703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T16:48:08Z","timestamp":1785948488000},"page":"703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Injectable Arnebia Euchroma Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogel as CpG Oligonucleotide Delivery System with Dual Immunomodulatory Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Chengxiang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinshan Development Zone, Hohhot 010110, 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Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yaru","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinshan Development Zone, Hohhot 010110, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinshan Development Zone, Hohhot 010110, 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1038\/374546a0","article-title":"CpG motifs in bacterial DNA trigger direct B-cell activation","volume":"374","author":"Krieg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1038\/35047123","article-title":"A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial 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