{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T13:25:27Z","timestamp":1786973127102,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major Program of Basic Science (Natural Science) of Higher Education of Jiangsu Province","award":["24KJA540003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24KJA540003"]}]},{"name":"Nantong University Large-Scale Instrument Sharing and Open Fund","award":["KFJN2613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFJN2613"]}]},{"award":["KFJN2613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFJN2613"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02afcvw97","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wearable rehabilitation monitoring requires soft strain sensors with mechanical robustness, stable electromechanical responses, and intelligent motion recognition capability. Here, we report a poly(vinyl alcohol)\/polyacrylamide (PVA\/PAM) double\u2212network hydrogel strain sensor for rehabilitation\u2212oriented wearable monitoring. The hydrogel was prepared by ultraviolet ray (UV)\u2212initiated acrylamide polymerization followed by freeze\u2212thaw\u2212induced PVA crystallization, forming a covalent PAM network interpenetrated with a physically crosslinked PVA network. The resulting hydrogel possessed a compact porous structure, improved stretchability, and stable deformation recovery. The optimized sensor exhibited a tensile strength of approximately 0.52 MPa, an elongation at break of approximately 480%, a response time of 0.12 s, and a recovery time of 0.17 s. It generated repeatable resistance signals under cyclic strain, finger bending, wrist motion, and grip training. Furthermore, the sensor enabled morse\u2212code information transmission and support vector machine (SVM)\u2212based recognition of rehabilitation\u2212related hand states, including straight, bend, and clench. This work provides a soft hydrogel sensing platform for real\u2212time rehabilitation\u2212oriented hand motion, while morse\u2212code encoding provides auxiliary assistance and an emergency communication function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12080730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T12:01:26Z","timestamp":1786968086000},"page":"730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dual\u2212Network PVA\/PAM Hydrogel Strain Sensor for Machine\u2212Learning\u2212Assisted Rehabilitation\u2212Oriented Hand Motion Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Wendi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, School of Textile & Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jintao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, School of Textile & Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanduo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhangqi","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, School of Textile & Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruixin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, School of Textile & Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6384-1494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, School of Textile & Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailou","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, School of Textile & Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01182-w","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Impacts of Remote Patient Monitoring (Rpm) Interventions on Safety, Adherence, Quality-of-Life and Cost-Related Outcomes","volume":"7","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Digit. 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