{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T09:25:10Z","timestamp":1787131510905,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24-43-00084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-43-00084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["24-43-00084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-43-00084"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03y2gwe85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Calcium alginate (CaA) xerogels and aerogels were evaluated as carriers for Rose Bengal (RB) in singlet-oxygen-generating systems intended for photodynamic applications. Hybrid CaA\/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) matrices were also prepared. Nitrogen sorption showed that the CaA xerogels(A) were mesoporous, with a specific surface area of SBET ~225 m2\/g and a mean pore diameter of approximately 9.3 nm; the corresponding SBET values were approximately 300 m2\/g for the aerogels and below 1 m2\/g for the xerogels. RB introduced during xerogel formation from water was retained in the matrix and was not released into phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2). By contrast, RB loaded from isopropanol was released from the xerogels(A) and aerogels, with the fastest release observed for CaA aerogels. RB incorporated into xerogels(A) and aerogels retained singlet-oxygen-generating activity. In air, the highest luminescence response was observed for RB immobilized in hybrid CaA\/PVP aerogel films containing approximately 10 wt% PVP. These findings suggest that such systems hold promise for applications in photodynamic therapy of superficial skin injuries. Xerogels(A) are also attractive carrier candidates because they avoid supercritical drying and, for the CaA xerogel(A) studied here, released 50% of the loaded RB within approximately 5 min.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12080741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T07:58:23Z","timestamp":1787126303000},"page":"741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rose Bengal Immobilization in and Release from Calcium Alginate Gels for Singlet-Oxygen-Generating Photosensitizing Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Kopylov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, Moscow 119991, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, Russian Technological University, 86 Vernadskogo Prospekt, Moscow 119571, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7374-8300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasiya","family":"Cherkasova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilya","family":"Shershnev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Bekeshev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0527-8899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadezhda","family":"Aksenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, Moscow 119991, Russia"},{"name":"Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoriya","family":"Timofeeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasiya","family":"Akovantseva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatyana","family":"Zarkhina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3252-6053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeriya","family":"Kardumyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7773-2435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Timashev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, Moscow 119991, Russia"},{"name":"Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8 Trubetskaya Street, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Solovieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoguim, M.I., Grandini, G.S., Bertozo, L.C., Caracelli, I., Ximenes, V.F., and Souza, A.R. (2022). Studies on the interaction of Rose Bengal with the human serum albumin protein under spectroscopic and docking simulations aspects in the characterization of binding sites. 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