{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T04:26:56Z","timestamp":1787372816537,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FORDECYT-PRONACES\/6660\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FORDECYT-PRONACES\/6660\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["FORDECYT-PRONACES\/6660\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FORDECYT-PRONACES\/6660\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059ex5q34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic wounds are complex environments marked by persistent inflammation, oxidative stress, hypoxia, and conditions that favor antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Conventional antibiotics often fail due to bacterial persistence and the physicochemical barriers of the wound milieu. Biofilm-associated extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), efflux pump activity, quorum sensing (QS), and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) collectively drive antimicrobial tolerance and resistance dissemination, turning chronic wounds into reservoirs of multidrug-resistant pathogens. Consequently, emerging wound therapies demand multifunctional strategies that modulate the wound microenvironment while interfering with resistance-associated phenotypes. Hydrogel\u2013metal\u2013organic framework (MOF) composites have been explored as multifunctional interfaces that combine extracellular matrix-mimetic properties, tunable porosity, stimuli-responsiveness, and controlled therapeutic delivery with the bioactive functions of MOFs. Depending on their composition and architecture, these systems may exert antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects through ionic, electrostatic, osmotic, catalytic, and oxidative mechanisms, while also influencing ROS levels, inflammation, angiogenesis, and local drug transport. However, antimicrobial activity alone does not equate to resistance modulation. Evidence for direct effects on efflux systems, resistance phenotypes, or HGT remains inconsistent across reported platforms. This review critically examines representative hydrogel\u2013MOF systems for chronic wound applications, comparing their composition, physicochemical properties, biological functions, proposed resistance-related mechanisms, advantages, limitations, and current level of evidence. We emphasize distinguishing experimentally demonstrated resistance-modulating effects from mechanistically proposed functions, and identifying design trade-offs and evidence gaps that must be addressed to develop wound interfaces capable of both supporting tissue regeneration and improving infection control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12080744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T08:10:20Z","timestamp":1787213420000},"page":"744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioactive Hydrogel\u2013MOF Composites as Resistance-Modulating Wound Interfaces: Molecular Mechanisms and Rational Design for Chronic Wound Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nallely G.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Coahuila, Ing. J. C\u00e1rdenas Valdez S\/N, Rep\u00fablica, Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irving A.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Coahuila, Ing. J. C\u00e1rdenas Valdez S\/N, Rep\u00fablica, Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7669-0447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lesly Katleya","family":"Usme-Duque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Coahuila, Ing. J. C\u00e1rdenas Valdez S\/N, Rep\u00fablica, Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0958-9783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00eda A.","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Berlanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Coahuila, Ing. J. C\u00e1rdenas Valdez S\/N, Rep\u00fablica, Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grecia D.","family":"Ort\u00edz-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Coahuila, Ing. J. C\u00e1rdenas Valdez S\/N, Rep\u00fablica, Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Horticultura, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Agraria Antonio Narro, Calz. Antonio Narro 1923, Buenavista, Saltillo 25315, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda I.","family":"Le\u00f3n-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Coahuila, Ing. J. C\u00e1rdenas Valdez S\/N, Rep\u00fablica, Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertha","family":"Puente-Urbina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica Aplicada (CIQA), Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo 140, San Jos\u00e9 de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7142-6063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Medina-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Coahuila, Ing. J. C\u00e1rdenas Valdez S\/N, Rep\u00fablica, Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0957-787X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elan I.","family":"Loredo-Alcal\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biodiversity Conservation and Ecology of Coahuila, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Coahuila, Miguel Hidalgo 212, Zona Centro, Cuatro Ci\u00e9negas 27640, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3398-8014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leopoldo J.","family":"R\u00edos-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Coahuila, Ing. J. C\u00e1rdenas Valdez S\/N, Rep\u00fablica, Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thelma K.","family":"Morales-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Coahuila, Ing. J. C\u00e1rdenas Valdez S\/N, Rep\u00fablica, Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4093-0707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Arredondo-Vald\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Coahuila, Ing. J. C\u00e1rdenas Valdez S\/N, Rep\u00fablica, Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8215-2566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adolfo","family":"Romero-Galarza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Coahuila, Ing. J. C\u00e1rdenas Valdez S\/N, Rep\u00fablica, Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2437-3728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc\u00eda F.","family":"Cano-Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Coahuila, Ing. J. C\u00e1rdenas Valdez S\/N, Rep\u00fablica, Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2550-2093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebeca","family":"Betancourt-Galindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica Aplicada (CIQA), Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo 140, San Jos\u00e9 de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda O.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica de Yucat\u00e1n (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130 \u00d7 32 y 34, Chuburn\u00e1 de Hidalgo, M\u00e9rida 97205, Yucat\u00e1n, Mexico"},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Humanities, Technology and Innovation (SECIHTI), Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Cr\u00e9dito Constructor, Benito Ju\u00e1rez, Mexico City 03940, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nayeli","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica de Yucat\u00e1n (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130 \u00d7 32 y 34, Chuburn\u00e1 de Hidalgo, M\u00e9rida 97205, Yucat\u00e1n, Mexico"},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Humanities, Technology and Innovation (SECIHTI), Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Cr\u00e9dito Constructor, Benito Ju\u00e1rez, Mexico City 03940, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1068-4149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Enr\u00edquez-Medrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica Aplicada (CIQA), Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo 140, San Jos\u00e9 de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6905-1410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florentino","family":"Soriano-Corral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica Aplicada (CIQA), Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo 140, San Jos\u00e9 de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0714-4421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Rosales-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering Laboratory and Translational Dentistry Clinic, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Tenayuca-Chalmita S\/N, Cuautepec Barrio Bajo, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07239, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amairany","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Navarrete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering Laboratory and Translational Dentistry Clinic, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Tenayuca-Chalmita S\/N, Cuautepec Barrio Bajo, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07239, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3815-1915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis A.","family":"Cabrera-Mungu\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Coahuila, Ing. J. C\u00e1rdenas Valdez S\/N, Rep\u00fablica, Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0662-6755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas A.","family":"Claudio-Rizo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Coahuila, Ing. J. C\u00e1rdenas Valdez S\/N, Rep\u00fablica, Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2015.0635","article-title":"Challenges in the Treatment of Chronic Wounds","volume":"4","author":"Frykberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Versey, Z., da Cruz Nizer, W.S., Russell, E., Zigic, S., DeZeeuw, K.G., Marek, J.E., Overhage, J., and Cassol, E. (2021). Biofilm-Innate Immune Interface: Contribution to Chronic Wound Formation. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.648554"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70684","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.70684","article-title":"Applying Antimicrobial Strategies in Wound Care Practice: A Review of the Evidence","volume":"22","author":"Blackburn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-021-00624-x","article-title":"Microbial Biofilm: Formation, Architecture, Antibiotic Resistance, and Control Strategies","volume":"52","author":"Rather","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadam, S., Shai, S., Shahane, A., and Kaushik, K.S. (2019). Recent Advances in Non-Conventional Antimicrobial Approaches for Chronic Wound Biofilms: Have We Found the \u201cChink in the Armor\u201d?. Biomedicines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines7020035"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2022.113807","article-title":"Antiseptics and Antimicrobials for the Treatment and Management of Chronic Wounds: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials","volume":"39","author":"Szewczyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Postep. Dermatol. Alergol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavallo, I., Sivori, F., Mastrofrancesco, A., Abril, E., Pontone, M., Di Domenico, E.G., and Pimpinelli, F. (2024). Bacterial Biofilm in Chronic Wounds and Possible Therapeutic Approaches. Biology, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13020109"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferraz, M.P. (2026). Biomaterial-Based Strategies for Infection Control in Chronic Wounds. Appl. Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202603.1133.v1"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, M., Sim\u00f5es, M., Vitorino, C., and Mascarenhas-Melo, F. (2024). Hydrogels in Cutaneous Wound Healing: Insights into Characterization, Properties, Formulation and Therapeutic Potential. Gels, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels10030188"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, A., Puri, V., Dheer, D., Kaur, M., Huanbutta, K., and Sangnim, T. (2026). Cutting-Edge Smart Hydrogel Platforms for Improved Wound Healing. Pharmaceutics, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18040406"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3390\/macromol2030018","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Composites-Based on Biopolymers","volume":"2","author":"Bucio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Macromol"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.148220","article-title":"Recent Development of Metal\u2013Organic Frameworks in Wound Healing: Current Status and Applications","volume":"480","author":"Zou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tutunchi, H., Nabipour, H., and Rohani, S. (2025). Therapeutic Potential of Nanoscale Metal\u2013Organic Frameworks in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Nanomaterials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15231771"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03944","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202503944","article-title":"Mechanisms of MOF-Based Biomaterials in Skin Wound Healing: Antibacterial, Immunomodulatory, Angiogenic, and Neurogenic Effects","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, Y., Lu, J., Guo, X., Xia, Z., and Ji, S. (2026). The Role of Silver and Silver-Based Products in Wound Management: A Review of Advances and Current Landscape. J. Funct. Biomater., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb17010027"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"e39557","article-title":"Metal-Organic Frameworks for Diabetic Wound Healing","volume":"15","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702255","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201702255","article-title":"Metal\u2013Organic Framework Material Inhibits Biofilm Formation of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa","volume":"27","author":"Neufeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2025.2486859","article-title":"Antibacterial Collagen-Guar Gum Hydrogels with Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-67 (ZIF-67): An Innovative Platform for Advanced Wound Healing","volume":"36","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Z., Cui, J., Wu, S., Cao, Z., and Cao, P. (2025). Engineering Metal-Organic Frameworks for Enhanced Antimicrobial Efficacy: Synthesis Methodologies, Mechanistic Perspectives, and Versatile Applications. J. Funct. Biomater., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16090353"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.09.022","article-title":"Dual Osmotic Controlled Release Platform for Antibiotics to Overcome Antimicrobial-Resistant Infections and Promote Wound Healing","volume":"375","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20240061","DOI":"10.1515\/chem-2024-0061","article-title":"Stimulus-Responsive MOF\u2013Hydrogel Composites: Classification, Preparation, Characterization, and Their Advancement in Medical Treatments","volume":"22","author":"Toh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TA08841J","article-title":"Advances in Metal\u2013Organic Framework-Based Hydrogel Materials: Preparation, Properties and Applications","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrp.2026.103213","article-title":"Composite MOF Hydrogel Reprograms Bacterial Pigment Metabolism for Eliminating Antibiotic-Tolerant Bacteria","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durand, B.A.R.N., Pouget, C., Magnan, C., Molle, V., Lavigne, J.P., and Dunyach-Remy, C. (2022). Bacterial Interactions in the Context of Chronic Wound Biofilm: A Review. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10081500"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"283","article-title":"Prevalence of Biofilm in Chronic Wounds: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis","volume":"37 8","author":"Avelino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diban, F., Di Lodovico, S., Di Fermo, P., D\u2019Ercole, S., D\u2019Arcangelo, S., Di Giulio, M., and Cellini, L. (2023). Biofilms in Chronic Wound Infections: Innovative Antimicrobial Approaches Using the In Vitro Lubbock Chronic Wound Biofilm Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021004"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almatroudi, A. (2025). Biofilm Resilience: Molecular Mechanisms Driving Antibiotic Resistance in Clinical Contexts. Biology, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14020165"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2024.216330","article-title":"Metal-Organic Framework-Hydrogel Composites as Emerging Platforms for Enhanced Wound Healing Applications: Material Design, Therapeutic Strategies, and Future Prospects","volume":"524","author":"Afruzi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, A.Z., Taha, M., Ghannoum, M., and Tyring, S.K. (2025). Biofilms and Chronic Wounds: Pathogenesis and Treatment Options. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14217784"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2024.102069","article-title":"Diabetes-Related Lower Limb Wounds: Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Biofilm Formation","volume":"32","author":"Orfali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-016-0867-9","article-title":"Bacterial Contribution in Chronicity of Wounds","volume":"73","author":"Rahim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ray, H., Weis, C., Nwaeze, C., Zhou, V., Basu, P., and Mitra, A. (2025). Development and Control of Biofilms in Diabetic Foot Infections: A Narrative Review. Acta Microbiol. Hell., 70.","DOI":"10.3390\/amh70010009"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.135118","article-title":"PH Factors in Chronic Wound and PH-Responsive Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogel Dressings","volume":"279","author":"Das","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.21000","article-title":"Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Biofilm-Forming Pathogens in Diabetic Foot Ulcers and Antimicrobial Activity of Nanoparticles","volume":"19","author":"Kainat","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s40005-023-00628-9","article-title":"Antimicrobial Strategies for Topical Biofilm-Based Wound Infections: Past, Present, and Future","volume":"53","author":"Thapa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Investig."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.09.002","article-title":"Antimicrobial Polymer-Loaded Hydrogels for the Topical Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Wound Biofilm Infections","volume":"362","author":"Makabenta","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miron, A., Giurcaneanu, C., Mihai, M.M., Beiu, C., Voiculescu, V.M., Popescu, M.N., Soare, E., and Popa, L.G. (2023). Antimicrobial Biomaterials for Chronic Wound Care. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15061606"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01121-7","article-title":"Biofilm and Wound Healing: From Bench to Bedside","volume":"28","author":"Goswami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Current Hydrogel Advances in Physicochemical and Biological Response-Driven Biomedical Application Diversity","volume":"6","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.03.002","article-title":"Microenvironment-Responsive Smart Hydrogels with Antibacterial Activity and Immune Regulation for Accelerating Chronic Wound Healing","volume":"368","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, K., Liao, M., Wang, Y., and Lu, J.R. (2025). Advances in Composite Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels for Wound Healing: Mechanisms and Applications. Gels, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11060420"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.145048","article-title":"Biopolymer Hydrogels in Biomedicine: Bridging Chemistry, Biology, and Clinical Translation","volume":"318","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.131643","article-title":"Hydrogel-Based Immunoregulation of Macrophages for Tissue Repair and Regeneration","volume":"268","author":"Nie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juszczuk-Kubiak, E. (2024). Molecular Aspects of the Functioning of Pathogenic Bacteria Biofilm Based on Quorum Sensing (QS) Signal-Response System and Innovative Non-Antibiotic Strategies for Their Elimination. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052655"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.136669","article-title":"Microenvironmental PH Modulating Oxygen Self-Boosting Microalgal Prodrug Carboxymethyl Chitosan\/Hyaluronic Acid\/Puerarin Hydrogel for Accelerating Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats","volume":"282","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44968-y","article-title":"Hydrogel Dressings with Intrinsic Antibiofilm and Antioxidative Dual Functionalities Accelerate Infected Diabetic Wound Healing","volume":"15","author":"Pranantyo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121597","article-title":"Promoting the Healing of Infected Diabetic Wound by an Anti-Bacterial and Nano-Enzyme-Containing Hydrogel with Inflammation-Suppressing, ROS-Scavenging, Oxygen and Nitric Oxide-Generating Properties","volume":"286","author":"Tu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33584","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c09889","article-title":"Inflammation-Responsive Drug-Loaded Hydrogels with Sequential Hemostasis, Antibacterial, and Anti-Inflammatory Behavior for Chronically Infected Diabetic Wound Treatment","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401490","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202401490","article-title":"Chitosan-Based Hydrogels as Antibacterial\/Antioxidant\/Anti-Inflammation Multifunctional Dressings for Chronic Wound Healing","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70919","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.70919","article-title":"Smart Wound Dressings and the Biological Parameters They Monitor: A Scoping Review","volume":"23","author":"Probst","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2403219","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202403219","article-title":"A ROS-Responsive Lipid Nanoparticles Release Multifunctional Hydrogel Based on Microenvironment Regulation Promotes Infected Diabetic Wound Healing","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2022.100508","article-title":"Recent Advances in Responsive Hydrogels for Diabetic Wound Healing","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300141","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.202300141","article-title":"ZIF-8 Based Active Wound Dressing for pH Modulation and pH-Responsive Delivery of Curcumin and Zn2+: Effect of Acidity on the Drug Release for Antibacterial and Antioxidant Efficacy","volume":"308","author":"Jung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/s41429-023-00637-8","article-title":"Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of ZIF-67","volume":"76","author":"Mendiola","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1039\/D4MA01220H","article-title":"Harnessing the power of copper-based metal\u2013organic framework (HKUST-1) nanostructures for advanced wound healing","volume":"6","author":"Davoodian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadek, A.A., Abd-Elkareem, M., Abdelhamid, H.N., Moustafa, S., and Hussein, K. (2022). Enhancement of critical-sized bone defect regeneration using UiO-66 nanomaterial in rabbit femurs. BMC Veter-Res., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03347-9"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2024.113088","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into the antibacterial property of MIL-100 (Fe) metal-organic framework","volume":"12","author":"Karmakar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s42114-025-01227-y","article-title":"Intranasal delivery of metformin using metal\u2013organic frame work (MOF)-74-Mg nanocarriers","volume":"8","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Compos. Hybrid. Mater."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-013-1007-3","article-title":"V Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Angiogenesis and Vascular Disease","volume":"91","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123160","article-title":"Tight Orchestration of Wound Healing Phase through Metal-Organic Compounds","volume":"318","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Tan, S.F., Zhang, W., Wang, Y., Wu, J., and Zhang, C. (2026). PH\/ROS-Responsive Smart Hydrogels for Infection Control and Immune Microenvironment Modulation in Chronic Wound Healing. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2026.1826583"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"1","article-title":"Microenvironment-Feedback Regulated Hydrogels as Living Wound Healing Materials","volume":"16","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114712","article-title":"Dual-Action MOF-on-MOF Hydrogel: A Chemo-Photodynamic Strategy for Enhanced Antibacterial Activity and Infected Wound Healing","volume":"253","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.139655","article-title":"Construction of GOx-Loaded Metal Organic Frameworks Antibacterial Composite Hydrogels for Skin Wound Healing","volume":"295","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14119","DOI":"10.1039\/D5TB01433F","article-title":"3D Printable Hydrogel Inks with Metal\u2013Organic Frameworks for Sustained Small Drug Delivery in Wound Healing","volume":"13","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_2079_17","article-title":"Efflux Pump Inhibitors for Bacterial Pathogens: From Bench to Bedside","volume":"149","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.135482","article-title":"Polysaccharide- and Protein-Based Hydrogel Dressings That Enhance Wound Healing: A Review","volume":"280","author":"Sang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00117-14","article-title":"The Challenge of Efflux-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria","volume":"28","author":"Patrick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxmate.2025.101540","article-title":"Fighting Back against Bacterial Resistance: Harnessing Nanocarrier Strategies to Counter Antibiotic Efflux Pumps","volume":"10","author":"Mbara","year":"2026","journal-title":"Next Mater."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2016.06.007","article-title":"Multidrug Efflux Pumps as Main Players in Intrinsic and Acquired Resistance to Antimicrobials","volume":"28","author":"Blanco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updates"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky042","article-title":"Role of Bacterial Efflux Pumps in Biofilm Formation","volume":"73","author":"Alav","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26710","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA02955D","article-title":"Recent Advances in Metal-Organic Frameworks for Antibacterial Applications: Mechanisms and Emerging Strategies","volume":"15","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23187","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA01711D","article-title":"Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Innovations in Engineered Nanomaterial-Driven Disruption of Biofilm Dynamics","volume":"15","author":"Ullah","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zack, K.M., Sorenson, T., and Joshi, S.G. (2024). Types and Mechanisms of Efflux Pump Systems and the Potential of Efflux Pump Inhibitors in the Restoration of Antimicrobial Susceptibility, with a Special Reference to Acinetobacter Baumannii. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13030197"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.150641","article-title":"Recent Progress of MOF-Based Antibacterial Hydrogels","volume":"487","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, B., Hao, M., Cui, H., Zeng, R., Ma, H., Long, A., and Li, X. (2025). Preparation and Characterization of an Acid-Responsive ZIF-8 Hydrogel Dressing with Sustained-Release Function for Targeted Therapy of Periodontitis. Gels, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11100813"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.101906","article-title":"Sr-MOF-based hydrogel promotes diabetic tissue regeneration through simultaneous antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119619","article-title":"Metal-Organic Frameworks for Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery","volume":"230","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7360","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA00108B","article-title":"An NIF-Doped ZIF-8 Hybrid Membrane for Continuous Antimicrobial Treatment","volume":"10","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2024.07.087","article-title":"Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8@polydopamine Decorated Carboxylated Chitosan Hydrogel with Photocatalytic and Photothermal Antibacterial Activity for Infected Wound Healing","volume":"675","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2022.134824","article-title":"Bicomponent Hydrogels Assisted Templating Synthesis of Hierarchically Porous ZIF-8 for Efficient Antibacterial Applications","volume":"1277","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.129668","article-title":"Injectable Biomimetic Hydrogels Encapsulating Gold\/Metal\u2013Organic Frameworks Nanocomposites for Enhanced Antibacterial and Wound Healing Activity under Visible Light Actuation","volume":"420","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3934\/microbiol.2018.2.274","article-title":"Extracellular Polymeric Substances, a Key Element in Understanding Biofilm Phenotype","volume":"4","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIMS Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wells, M., Schneider, R., Bhattarai, B., Currie, H., Chavez, B., Christopher, G., Rumbaugh, K., and Gordon, V. (2023). Perspective: The Viscoelastic Properties of Biofilm Infections and Mechanical Interactions with Phagocytic Immune Cells. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1102199"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microb.2024.100194","article-title":"From Formulation to Function: A Detailed Review of Microbial Biofilms and Their Polymer-Based Extracellular Substances","volume":"5","author":"Saharan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbe"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart, P.S., White, B., Boegli, L., Hamerly, T., Williamson, K.S., Franklin, M.J., Bothner, B., James, G.A., Fisher, S., and Vital-Lopez, F.G. (2019). Conceptual Model of Biofilm Antibiotic Tolerance That Integrates Phenomena of Diffusion, Metabolism, Gene Expression, and Physiology. J. Bacteriol., 201.","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00307-19"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-025-00953-x","article-title":"Synergistic Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan-Polyethylene Glycol Nanocomposites Films Containing ZIF-8 and Doxycycline","volume":"25","author":"Jamiri","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.139348","article-title":"Alginate-Gelatin Composite Hydrogels Loading Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 (ZIF-8) Nanoparticles on Gauze for Burn Wound Healing: In Vitro and in Vivo Studies","volume":"295","author":"Maghsoudi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.131080","article-title":"Organic-inorganic hybrid ZIF-8\/MXene\/cellulose-based textiles with improved antibacterial and electromag-netic interference shielding performance","volume":"266","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20234","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c03187","article-title":"Novel\u2013Organic Framework-Based Photocrosslinked Hydrogel System for Efficient Antibacterial Applications","volume":"12","author":"Gwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00401-1","article-title":"Extracellular-Matrix-Mediated Osmotic Pressure Drives Vibrio Cholerae Biofilm Expansion and Cheater Exclusion","volume":"8","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-021-00242-y","article-title":"Bacterial Exo-Polysaccharides in Biofilms: Role in Antimicrobial Resistance and Treatments","volume":"19","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-8130(99)00057-4","article-title":"The Role of Intermolecular Interactions: Studies on Model Systems for Bacterial Biofilms","volume":"26","author":"Mayer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-023-00164-w","article-title":"Biofilm Formation: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Targets","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Zhang, R., Duan, J., Shi, X., Zhang, Y., Guan, F., Sand, W., and Hou, B. (2022). Extracellular Polymeric Substances and Biocorrosion\/Biofouling: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105566"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00791-0","article-title":"The Biofilm Matrix: Multitasking in a Shared Space","volume":"21","author":"Flemming","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02637-8","article-title":"Application of Metal-Organic Frameworks in Infectious Wound Healing","volume":"22","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22830","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c23321","article-title":"Photodynamic Alginate Zn-MOF Thermosensitive Hydrogel for Accelerated Healing of Infected Wounds","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.27760","article-title":"The Role of Extracellular DNA in the Formation, Architecture, Stability, and Treatment of Bacterial Biofilms","volume":"118","author":"Panlilio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.04.007","article-title":"A Series of MOF\/Ce-Based Nanozymes with Dual Enzyme-like Activity Disrupting Biofilms and Hindering Recolonization of Bacteria","volume":"208","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4981","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-021-02485-2","article-title":"1,4-Naphthoquinone Disintegrates the Pre-Existing Biofilm of Staphylococcus Aureus by Accumulating Reactive Oxygen Species","volume":"203","author":"Paul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eade2610","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ade2610","article-title":"Community-specific diffusion characteristics determine resistance of biofilms to oxidative stress","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-021-00251-2","article-title":"Three Faces of Biofilms: A Microbial Lifestyle, a Nascent Multicellular Organism, and an Incubator for Diversity","volume":"7","author":"Penesyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michaelis, C., and Grohmann, E. (2023). Horizontal Gene Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Biofilms. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020328"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20210234","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2021.0234","article-title":"Selfish, Promiscuous and Sometimes Useful: How Mobile Genetic Elements Drive Horizontal Gene Transfer in Microbial Populations","volume":"377","author":"Haudiquet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u0103un, C., Motelic\u0103, L., Ficai, D., Ficai, A., and Andronescu, E. (2023). Metal-Organic Frameworks: Versatile Platforms for Biomedical Innovations. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16186143"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, H., Ali, M.H., Ahmad, T., Sayeed, S.S.B., Sakib, M.A.N., Brishty, K.A., Saleh, M.S.J., Hosen, M.M., Ahmed, S., and Ahmed, S. (2026). Mobile Genetic Elements as Central Drivers of Antimicrobial Resistance: Molecular Mechanisms, Evolutionary Ecology, One Health Implications and Control Strategies. Antibiotics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15040418"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anju, V.T., Busi, S., Imchen, M., Kumavath, R., Mohan, M.S., Salim, S.A., Subhaswaraj, P., and Dyavaiah, M. (2022). Polymicrobial Infections and Biofilms: Clinical Significance and Eradication Strategies. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11121731"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, Y., Cui, J., Liu, X., Shu, H., and Cao, P. (2025). Antifouling Mussel-Inspired Hydrogel with Furanone-Loaded ZIF-8 for Quorum Sensing-Mediated Marine Antifouling. Gels, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11060466"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503056","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202503056","article-title":"Mannosylated MOF Encapsulated in Lactobacillus Biofilm for Dual-Targeting Intervention Against Mammalian Escherichia Coli Infections","volume":"37","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2026.2683605","article-title":"Inhibiting Horizontal Gene Transfer to Contain Antimicrobial Resistance: Conjugation and Plasmid Maintenance as Druggable Targets","volume":"24","author":"Touati","year":"2026","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1039\/D2BM01906J","article-title":"Biomedically-Relevant Metal Organic Framework-Hydrogel Composites","volume":"11","author":"Lim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16071","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.71","article-title":"Designing Hydrogels for Controlled Drug Delivery","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202400157","DOI":"10.1002\/zaac.202400157","article-title":"Integration of Metal-Organic Frameworks into Hydrogels: Optimizing Their Properties and Applications","volume":"650","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theocharidis, G., Thomas, B.E., Sarkar, D., Mumme, H.L., Pilcher, W.J.R., Dwivedi, B., Sandoval-Schaefer, T., S\u00eerbulescu, R.F., Kafanas, A., and Mezghani, I. (2022). Single Cell Transcriptomic Landscape of Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Nat. Commun., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27801-8"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.03.006","article-title":"Strain- and Species-Level Variation in the Microbiome of Diabetic Wounds Is Associated with Clinical Outcomes and Therapeutic Efficacy","volume":"25","author":"Kalan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4758","DOI":"10.1021\/pr100456d","article-title":"Differential Proteomic Analysis Distinguishes Tissue Repair Biomarker Signatures in Wound Exudates Obtained from Normal Healing and Chronic Wounds","volume":"9","author":"Eming","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"35","article-title":"Molecular Aspects of Wound Healing and the Rise of Venous Leg Ulceration: Omics Approaches to Enhance Knowledge and Aid Diagnostic Discovery","volume":"38","author":"Broszczak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, S.S., Dode, T., Kawashima, S., Fukuoka, M., Tsuruoka, T., and Nagahama, K. (2025). MOFs\u2014Combining Fully Synthetic Injectable Hydrogel Scaffolds Exhibiting Higher Skeletal Muscle Regenerative Efficiency than Matrigel. Gels, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11070514"},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"359","article-title":"Modulation of the Biocompatibility of Collagen\/Polyelectrolyte Semi-IPN Hydrogels with Zn-BioMOFs","volume":"12","year":"2024","journal-title":"ADMET DMPK"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7284","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.5c00961","article-title":"Fast Hemostatic, Antimicrobial Multifunctional Gelatin-Based Dressing Loading Bifunctional Cu\/ZIF-8 for Accelerated Healing","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8197","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.5c01127","article-title":"Photo-Activated Cu-ZIF-8 Sprayable for Accelerated Wound Healing","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.061","article-title":"Carboxymethyl Cellulose\/Tetracycline@UiO-66 Nanocomposite Hydrogel Films as a Potential Antibacterial Wound Dressing","volume":"188","author":"Javanbakht","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.132120","article-title":"Chitosan-based GOx@Co-MOF composite hydrogel: A promising strategy for en-hanced antibacterial and wound healing effects","volume":"270","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.135660","article-title":"C-di-GMP@ZIF-8 nanocomposite injectable hydrogel based on modified chitosan and hyaluronic acid for infected wound healing by activating STING signaling","volume":"280","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, B., Zhang, C., Dai, S., Zhao, J., Li, H., Peng, Y., Chu, Y., Chen, Z., Qin, H., and Zeng, H. (2025). Injectable cinnamaldehyde-loaded ZIF-8\/Gallic Acid-Grafted gelatin hydrogel for enhanced angiogenesis and skin regeneration in diabetic wound healing. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1660821"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70064","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.70064","article-title":"Safety, Toxicity, and Regulation of Biomaterials: A Systematic Review of Global Frameworks and Emerging Challenges","volume":"114","author":"Rawat","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."}],"container-title":["Gels"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/12\/8\/744\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T04:11:43Z","timestamp":1787371903000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/12\/8\/744"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["gels12080744"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/gels12080744","relation":{},"ISSN":["2310-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2310-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]}}}