{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T09:25:57Z","timestamp":1787304357156,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Education of Anhui Province of China","award":["KJ2019A0470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ2019A0470"]}]},{"name":"Department of Education of Anhui Province of China","award":["2023AH050754"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AH050754"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province of China","award":["1608085MH227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1608085MH227"]}]},{"name":"Research and Development Project Entrusted by the Enterprise: Research on Antioxidant Biological Activity of Quercetin","award":["2022HZ049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022HZ049"]}]},{"name":"Anhui Provincial Quality Engineering Project for Education in the New Era\u2014Research on the Reform of Graduate Education and Teaching","award":["2023jyjxggyjY168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023jyjxggyjY168"]}]},{"name":"Quality Engineering Project of the Anhui Provincial Department of Education in 2021","award":["2021jyxm0824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021jyxm0824"]}]},{"name":"Quality Engineering Project of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine in 2021","award":["2021zlgc042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021zlgc042"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skin photoaging is closely associated with oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and dysregulated collagen metabolism. Paeonol (Pae) possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities; however, its poor water solubility and short skin retention time limit its topical application. In this study, a transdermal delivery system based on a carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)\/Carbomer 940 (Carb940) composite gel loaded with hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of paeonol (Pae-CD) was developed. Pae-CD was prepared using an ultrasound-assisted saturated aqueous solution method, and the physicochemical properties, sustained-release behavior, transdermal permeation, antioxidant activity, and safety of Pae-CD\/gel were evaluated. Furthermore, a mouse model of skin photoaging induced by combined ultraviolet A (UVA)\/ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation was established to investigate its reparative effects in vivo. The results showed that Pae-CD\/gel exhibited a homogeneous three-dimensional porous structure, favorable sustained-release characteristics, enhanced skin retention capacity, and good cellular compatibility. In vivo experiments demonstrated that Pae-CD\/gel markedly ameliorated ultraviolet-induced skin dryness, abnormal epidermal thickening, and dermal collagen loss. It also reduced oxidative stress and inflammatory factor levels, down-regulated matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) expression, and promoted the restoration of collagen type I (COL-1) and hydroxyproline (HYP) levels. Systemic safety evaluation revealed no obvious toxicity. In summary, Pae-CD\/gel exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and regulates collagen metabolism by enhancing transdermal delivery and local retention, thereby providing a safe and effective topical delivery strategy for the repair of skin photoaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12080746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:05:19Z","timestamp":1787241919000},"page":"746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Paeonol-Loaded Cyclodextrin\/Composite Hydrogel for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery and Skin Photoaging Repair"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xinrui","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruofei","family":"Zu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueer","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanji","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuling","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziwen","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2011-0840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongmei","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"100491","article-title":"Chitosan-based nanozyme hydrogels: Advanced antioxidant and sustained-release systems for the prevention and treatment of skin photoaging","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. 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