{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T17:23:25Z","timestamp":1787333005543,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Major Project of China","award":["2016ZX05025-001-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016ZX05025-001-006"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Major Project of China","award":["2016ZX05011001-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016ZX05011001-003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Complex narrow-channel reservoirs are strongly constrained by depositional architecture, resulting in highly nonuniform areal waterflood sweep, and pronounced water-cut variations among different channel types. These characteristics pose substantial challenges to stabilizing oil production and controlling water cut at high water-cut stages. To elucidate how narrow-channel planform architecture controls waterflood sweep, gel-assisted flow-field regulation by heterogeneous-phase composite flooding (HPCF), and remaining-oil mobilization, three representative configurations were reproduced in two-dimensional visual physical models. Sequential waterflood\u2013HPCF\u2013post-waterflood experiments were conducted, and time-lapse images and dynamic production data were integrated to characterize sweep evolution and remaining-oil mobilization across displacement stages. The results demonstrate that narrow-channel architecture exerts primary control on preferential flow-path development, gel migration and retention, spatial fluid redistribution, and displacement performance. During waterflooding, injected water preferentially migrated through high-permeability zones along channel centerlines, leaving channel margins, branch termini, and poorly connected regions insufficiently swept. After HPCF injection, the gel-containing composite system preferentially entered the established dominant flow paths. Gel retention and accumulation selectively increased flow resistance in these pathways, while mobility control induced subsequent fluids to divert toward bypassed regions, thereby enlarging the macroscopic swept volume and improving local displacement efficiency. A low injection rate promoted sustained gel-assisted flow diversion within bifurcated channels, whereas a high injection rate facilitated gel-slug propagation against the geometric constraints of highly sinuous channels and expanded its spatial coverage. Compared with waterflooding alone, HPCF increased the ultimate oil recovery of the three channel models by 19.23\u201326.47 percentage points. These findings clarify the coupled effects of narrow-channel architecture, gel transport and injection parameters on the profile-control and oil-recovery performance of HPCF, providing a mechanistic basis for water control and development optimization in high-water-cut narrow-channel reservoirs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12080752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T15:51:05Z","timestamp":1787327465000},"page":"752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Visualized Experimental Investigation of Flow-Field Reconstruction and Enhanced Oil Recovery by Heterogeneous-Phase Composite Flooding in Complex Narrow-Channel Reservoirs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7922-3033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianmin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junzhi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shengli Oil Production Plant, Shengli Oilfield, China Petrochemical Corporation, Dongying 257015, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuiqian","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bohai Petroleum Research Institute, Tianjin Branch of CNOOC (China) Ltd., Tianjin 300450, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bohai Petroleum Research Institute, Tianjin Branch of CNOOC (China) Ltd., Tianjin 300450, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bohai Petroleum Research Institute, Tianjin Branch of CNOOC (China) Ltd., Tianjin 300450, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bohai Petroleum Research Institute, Tianjin Branch of CNOOC (China) Ltd., Tianjin 300450, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2021.108749","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of morphological characteristics of thin sand body: Taking the deltaic distributary channel sand body as an example in Shengtuo oil field of Dongying Sag, east of Bohai Bay Basin","volume":"205","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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