{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T05:17:27Z","timestamp":1787807847098,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific and Technological Research Project of Henan Province","award":["262102230114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["262102230114"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025M781853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025M781853"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2025M781853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025M781853"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0426zh255","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Scientific and Technological Project of Henan Province","award":["242102230174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102230174"]}]},{"name":"Special Fund for Young Talents in Henan Agricultural University","award":["30500928"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30500928"]}]},{"award":["30500928"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30500928"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04eq83d71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To address the limitations of conventional polymer hydrogels in terms of sustainability and functionality, green soy protein (SP)-based hydrogels (SPHs) demonstrate significant potential. As an abundant, renewable plant protein, SP provides an ideal molecular platform for constructing high-performance, multifunctional hydrogels. This review systematically consolidates recent progress in SPHs. Firstly, the molecular fundamentals and gelation mechanisms of soy protein are analyzed in depth. Subsequently, key construction strategies, including physical, chemical, and enzymatic crosslinking, as well as composite\/hybrid approaches, are comprehensively reviewed with respect to their mechanisms, advantages, and limitations. Following this, innovative applications of SPHs in biomedical, food and nutrition, environmental\/agricultural, and smart material fields are highlighted. Finally, the current challenges facing research in mechanical properties, structure\u2013property relationships, and scalable production are identified. Future directions include developing novel green crosslinking systems, deepening multi-scale structural control, and advancing smart integrated design. This review aims to provide researchers with a systematic knowledge framework spanning from \u201cmolecular understanding\u201d to \u201cfunctional customization,\u201d thereby propelling soy protein hydrogels toward higher toughness, intelligence, and sustainability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12090761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:01:07Z","timestamp":1787670067000},"page":"761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Soy Protein-Based Hydrogels: Recent Advances in Molecular Design and Functional Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zhongjian","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, College of Forestry, College of Chemistry and Materials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luohui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, College of Forestry, College of Chemistry and Materials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, College of Forestry, College of Chemistry and Materials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, College of Forestry, College of Chemistry and Materials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, College of Forestry, College of Chemistry and Materials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, College of Forestry, College of Chemistry and Materials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Limin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, College of Forestry, College of Chemistry and Materials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangmeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, College of Forestry, College of Chemistry and Materials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450026, China"},{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5830-155X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, College of Forestry, College of Chemistry and Materials, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2026.174479","article-title":"Tough, Electron-Ion Conductive, and Anti-Freezing Cellulose Nanofiber Reinforced Hydrogels Inspired by Honeycomb as Flexible Wearable Sensors for Intelligent Human Health Monitoring","volume":"532","author":"Guo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. 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