{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T09:19:43Z","timestamp":1787822383670,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Major Project of China","award":["2025ZD1407705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZD1407705"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The viscosity peak phenomenon at the phase inversion point in crude oil emulsions can be understood through the lens of physical gelation. This study employs coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CG-MD) simulations to investigate the gel-like network structures formed at oil\u2013water interfaces across varying water-to-oil particle-number ratios. We reveal that pure water forms a fully connected hydrogen bond network (500 molecules, 313.15 K, 2.68 H-bonds per molecule) behaving as a flexible physical gel scaffold, while pure oil exhibits a dispersed sol-like structure (35.9 clusters average). At the phase inversion point (50% water cut), the water network fragments into 44 gel-like clusters (193 network bonds) while oil forms 76 small clusters acting as physical crosslinking nodes embedded within the water network voids. This creates an interlocked gel structure with a maximum Interlocking Index (LI_CG = 36.67), directly corresponding to the viscosity peak. At 30% water cut, a W\/O morphology with (LI_CG = 22.17) represents a weaker gel state. We demonstrate that gel rigidity rather than network existence determines macroscopic viscosity, with LI serving as an effective crosslinking density metric. Model parameters calibrated via differential evolution optimization against experimental data from three oil wells yield R2=0.94. This work provides a molecular mechanism revealing the flexible-network-to-rigid-gel transition as the origin of emulsion viscosity peaks, offering a gel-science perspective on emulsion rheology control in petroleum engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12090767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:54:42Z","timestamp":1787763282000},"page":"767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fishing Net\u2013Gravel Interlocking Mechanism to Investigate Molecular Dynamics of Physical Gel Formation in Oil\u2013Water Emulsions: A Simulation Study for an Oil Field in Eastern China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Fan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dechun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Becher, P. 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