{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T11:13:30Z","timestamp":1788261210508,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24-73-10091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-73-10091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["24-73-10091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-73-10091"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03y2gwe85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, the effect of citrate-modified magnetite nanoparticle (MNP) concentration on the microstructure and properties of composite alginate-containing hydrogels and xerogels was investigated. Data from electron and optical microscopy, FTIR, STA, and mechanical testing demonstrated that MNP concentration directly influences both functional properties and microstructure. Adjusting this parameter allows fine-tuning of the morphology, shifting it from uniform dispersion to particle aggregation, and eventually to sedimentation-driven stratification. At 1 wt%, MNPs are incorporated into the interchain spaces of alginate, leading to partial disruption of the polymer network structure and a reduction in mechanical strength. At 5 wt% MNPs, maximum mechanical strength is achieved due to the formation of oriented clusters uniformly distributed throughout the sample, forming a rigid reinforcing framework. At 10 wt%, the formation of numerous smaller but denser clusters introduces stress concentration sites, leading to a significant decrease in mechanical strength. At 20 wt%, sedimentation of large magnetite clusters during hydrogel formation leads to stratification into a lower MNP-rich reinforcing layer and an upper polymer-rich elastic layer, which remain connected through the continuous alginate matrix, providing a combination of high strength and rigidity with preserved elasticity. All samples showed procoagulant activity, while higher MNP content enhanced fibroblast adhesion and proliferation relative to unmodified alginate. Strong UV\u2013Vis absorption in MNP-containing composites points to their potential to shield bioactive components from unwanted photo-induced degradation. Regulation of structure driven by magnetite concentration opens prospects for the development of alginate matrices with tailored magnetic sensitivity, physicochemical properties, and cytohemocompatibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12090786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T09:48:36Z","timestamp":1788256116000},"page":"786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Magnetite Concentration-Driven Evolution of Microstructure and Property Tuning in Alginate Hydrogels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1544-6593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasily I.","family":"Mikhaylov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry of Federal Research Centre \u201cKomi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d, 48 Pervomayskaya St., 167000 Syktyvkar,  Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Mikhail A.","family":"Torlopov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry of Federal Research Centre \u201cKomi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d, 48 Pervomayskaya St., 167000 Syktyvkar,  Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7321-9327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilia S.","family":"Martakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry of Federal Research Centre \u201cKomi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d, 48 Pervomayskaya St., 167000 Syktyvkar,  Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9672-246X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp V.","family":"Legki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry of Federal Research Centre \u201cKomi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d, 48 Pervomayskaya St., 167000 Syktyvkar,  Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6319-0795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirill S.","family":"Vavrinchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry of Federal Research Centre \u201cKomi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d, 48 Pervomayskaya St., 167000 Syktyvkar,  Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4803-4803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel A.","family":"Markov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Research Centre for Rehabilitation and Balneology, 32 Novy Arbat, 121099 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9278-7757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia N.","family":"Drozd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Research Center for Hematology, 4 Novy Zykovsky Passage, 125167 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1868-8232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirill A.","family":"Cherednichenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, National University of Oil and Gas \u201cGubkin University\u201d, 65 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9937-9801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petr A.","family":"Sitnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry of Federal Research Centre \u201cKomi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d, 48 Pervomayskaya St., 167000 Syktyvkar,  Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2024.122718","article-title":"Biomedical applications of functional hydrogels: Innovative developments, relevant clinical trials and advanced products","volume":"312","author":"To","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5892","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666201118095523","article-title":"Hydrogel: A Promising Material in Pharmaceutics","volume":"26","author":"Rehman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torlopov, M.A., Martakov, I.S., Mikhaylov, V.I., Legki, P.V., Vavrinchuk, K.S., Markov, P.A., Drozd, N.N., Zhuravlev, A.V., Sitnikov, P.A., and Kutchin, A.V. (2025). \u201cRevitalizing\u201d Alginate Films: Control of Texture, Hemo- and Cellular Compatibility via Addition of Cellulose Nanocrystals. Polysaccharides, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/polysaccharides6020043"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2026.151077","article-title":"Nanocrystalline chitin: Enhancing mechanical properties, cell growth, and hemocompatibility in alginate films","volume":"351","author":"Torlopov","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200023","DOI":"10.1002\/star.202200023","article-title":"Polysaccharides-Based Nano-Hybrid Biomaterial Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Drug Delivery, and Food Packaging Applications","volume":"74","author":"Shahbaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Starch-St\u00e4rke"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aderibigbe, B.A., and Buyana, B. (2018). Alginate in Wound Dressings. Pharmaceutics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10020042"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.04.033","article-title":"A review on cellulose nanocrystals as promising biocompounds for the synthesis of nanocomposite hydrogels","volume":"216","author":"Shojaeiarani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.039","article-title":"Engineering alginate hydrogel films with poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-valerate) and graphene nanoplatelets: Enhancement of antiviral activity, cell adhesion and electroactive properties","volume":"219","author":"Hurtado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.073","article-title":"Chitosan\/alginate crosslinked hydrogels: Preparation, characterization and application for cell growth purposes","volume":"59","author":"Baysal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Risti\u0107, I., Nikoli\u0107, L., Caki\u0107, S., Nikoli\u0107, V., Tanasi\u0107, J., Zvezdanovi\u0107, J., and Krsti\u0107, M. (2024). Eco-Friendly Microwave Synthesis of Sodium Alginate-Chitosan Hydrogels for Effective Curcumin Delivery and Controlled Release. Gels, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels10100637"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012042","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/853\/1\/012042","article-title":"The synthesis and characterization of hydrogel chitosan-alginate with the addition of plasticizer lauric acid for wound dressing application","volume":"853","author":"Rudyardjo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1021\/bm800594f","article-title":"Kinetic Controlled Synthesis of pH-Responsive Network Alginate","volume":"9","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.03.016","article-title":"The functional response of alginate-gelatin-nanocrystalline cellulose injectable hydrogels toward delivery of cells and bioactive molecules","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.26284","article-title":"Formation of nanoparticle aggregates and agglomerates in polymer nanocomposites and their distinct impacts on the mechanical properties","volume":"63","author":"Sharifzadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201201708","article-title":"Magnetic Hydrogels and Their Potential Biomedical Applications","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2024.105465","article-title":"Alginate\u2013functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for targeted controlled release","volume":"93","author":"Luong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2014.03.002","article-title":"Stability of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in various model solutions","volume":"450","author":"Wykowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81573","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA16404D","article-title":"Magnetic alginate\u2013Fe3O4 hydrogel fiber capable of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride adsorption\/separation in aqueous solution","volume":"5","author":"Konwar","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-021-03701-1","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of alginate superparamagnetic nanoparticles deposited on Fe3O4 and investigation its application in adsorption of tetracycline in aqueous solutions","volume":"79","author":"Rahmani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29566","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-24189-w","article-title":"Alginate@Fe3O4@Bentonite nanocomposite for formaldehyde removal from synthetic and real effluent: Optimization by central composite design","volume":"30","author":"Khaleghi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2022.129595","article-title":"Insights into catalytic reduction of dyes catalyzed by nanocomposite beads Alginate@Fe3O4: Experimental and DFT study on the mechanism of reduction","volume":"650","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.211","article-title":"Fe3O4-alginate nanocomposite hydrogel beads material: One-pot preparation, release kinetics and antibacterial activity","volume":"145","author":"Soumia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.028","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of antibacterial magnetic-\/pH-sensitive alginate\/Ag\/Fe3O4 hydrogel beads for controlled drug release","volume":"154","author":"Rashidzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21503","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA03115C","article-title":"Highly scalable production of uniformly-coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles for triggered drug release from alginate hydrogels","volume":"6","author":"Teleki","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dolete, G., Chircov, C., Motelica, L., Ficai, D., Oprea, O.-C., Gheorghe, M., Ficai, A., and Andronescu, E. (2022). Magneto-Mechanically Triggered Thick Films for Drug Delivery Micropumps. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12203598"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2017.06.041","article-title":"Magnetic composite films based on alginate and nano-iron oxide particles obtained by synthesis \u201cin situ\u201d","volume":"94","author":"Kloster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4405","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.0c00605","article-title":"Magnetite Hydrosols with Positive and Negative Surface Charge of Nanoparticles: Stability and Effect on the Lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"36","author":"Mikhaylov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2009.12.010","article-title":"Metal\u2013carboxylate interactions in metal\u2013alginate complexes studied with FTIR spectroscopy","volume":"345","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2007.10.016","article-title":"FT-IR spectra of alginic acid block fractions in three species of brown seaweeds","volume":"343","author":"Leal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalonek, J., \u0141ukomska, B., and Szyd\u0142owska-Czerniak, A. (2025). Color, Structure, and Thermal Stability of Alginate Films with Raspberry and\/or Black Currant Seed Oils. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30020245"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motelica, L., Ficai, D., Oprea, O.-C., Ficai, A., Ene, V.-L., Vasile, B.-S., Andronescu, E., and Holban, A.-M. (2021). Antibacterial Biodegradable Films Based on Alginate with Silver Nanoparticles and Lemongrass Essential Oil\u2013Innovative Packaging for Cheese. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11092377"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.1002\/app.13615","article-title":"Synthesis and characteristics of interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels composed of alginate and poly(diallydimethylammonium chloride)","volume":"91","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"e10133","article-title":"Isolation of cellulose nanocrystals from brown seaweed, Sargassum fluitans, for development of alginate nanocomposite film","volume":"3","author":"Doh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Cryst."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"477","article-title":"Decomposition of Organic Acids During Processing and Storage","volume":"39","author":"Chu","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2014.07.013","article-title":"Preparation and characterization agar-based nanocomposite film reinforced by nanocrystalline cellulose","volume":"70","author":"Atef","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1002\/app.33422","article-title":"Synergistic blends of natural polymers, pectin and sodium alginate","volume":"120","author":"Gohil","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.23678","article-title":"Dielectric, thermal, and swelling properties of calcium ion-crosslinked sodium alginate film","volume":"54","author":"Bekin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.4148\/1941-4765.1346","article-title":"Mind the buffering capacity of citric acid","volume":"42","author":"Nozawa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"100024","article-title":"Using zeta potential to study the ionisation behaviour of polymers employed in modified-release dosage forms and estimating their pKa","volume":"1","author":"Barbosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. X"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1134\/S0965545X24600662","article-title":"Synthesis, Rheological Properties, and Hemocompatibility of Alginic Acid Modified with Ethylenediamine Fragments","volume":"66","author":"Torlopov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polym. Sci. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Oss, C.J. (2006). Interfacial Forces in Aqueous Media, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420015768"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"23","article-title":"Characteristics of the functional response of human fibroblasts to magnetite nanoparticles","volume":"4","author":"Markov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Russ. J. Environ. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharaf, M.G., Li, S., Rowe, E.M., Devine, D.V., and Unsworth, L.D. (2024). Characterization and Hemocompatibility of \u03b1, \u03b2, and \u03b3 Cyclodextrin-Modified Magnetic Nano-Adsorbents. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910710"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/65.3.390","article-title":"Blood Recalcification Time: A Simple and Reliable Test to Monitor Heparin Therapy","volume":"65","author":"Gulliani","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"385","article-title":"Monitoring heparin therapy with the activated partial thromboplastin time","volume":"104","author":"Stuart","year":"1971","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.07.067","article-title":"The influence of size and charge of chitosan\/polyglutamic acid hollow spheres on cellular internalization, viability and blood compatibility","volume":"31","author":"Dash","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1646","article-title":"Magnetic and pH-responsive magnetite\/chitosan (core\/shell) nanoparticles for dual-targeted methotrexate delivery in cancer therapy","volume":"15","author":"Ramos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, Y., Xu, L.-C., Vogler, E., and Siedlecki, C. (2018). Contact activation by the intrinsic pathway of blood plasma coagulation. Hemocompatibility of Biomaterials for Clinical Applications, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100497-5.00001-X"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-014-5199-z","article-title":"Effect of structure, topography and chemistry on fibroblast adhesion and morphology","volume":"25","author":"Castano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0144-8617(99)00183-6","article-title":"Preparation of low-molecular weight alginic acid by acid hydrolysis","volume":"42","author":"Ikeda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1021\/cr00088a006","article-title":"Interfacial Lifshitz-van der Waals and polar interactions in macroscopic systems","volume":"88","author":"Chaudhury","year":"1988","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(81)90120-X","article-title":"Characterization of hydrophilic\u2014Hydrophobic polymeric surfaces by contact angle measurements","volume":"82","author":"Ko","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(89)90345-7","article-title":"Estimation of the polar parameters of the surface tension of liquids by contact angle measurements on gels","volume":"128","author":"Ju","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2005.09.041","article-title":"Poly(ethylene oxide) and its blends with sodium alginate","volume":"46","author":"Demirci","year":"2005","journal-title":"Polymer (Guildf)"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","article-title":"Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays","volume":"65","author":"Mosmann","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods."}],"container-title":["Gels"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/12\/9\/786\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T10:14:52Z","timestamp":1788257692000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/12\/9\/786"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["gels12090786"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/gels12090786","relation":{},"ISSN":["2310-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2310-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}}}