{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T11:13:40Z","timestamp":1788261220250,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gel-based novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) occupy a mechanistically distinct niche among controlled-release platforms because they decouple three design variablesnetwork cross-link density, continuous-phase polarity, and stimulus sensitivitythat in particulate carriers (liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles) are often interdependent. This critical review synthesizes 102 primary and secondary sources published predominantly between 2010 and 2026 to interrogate, rather than merely catalog, how hydrogels, organogels, aerogels, nanogels, in situ gelling systems, and hydrogel-forming microneedles have been engineered for site-specific pharmacotherapy. Beyond a taxonomic overview, the review quantitatively contrasts formulation parameters sol\u2013gel transition temperatures (typically 32\u201337 \u00b0C for poloxamer 407\/188 systems), swelling ratios, mesh sizes, and reported drug-release half-lives across oncology, chronic diabetic wound care, ophthalmic and nasal-to-brain delivery, musculoskeletal (intra-articular) therapy, subunit vaccine depots, periodontal pocket therapy, and glucose-responsive insulin delivery. Particular attention is paid to the mechanistic basis of burst release, the porosity\u2013mechanical-integrity trade-off inherent to interconnected hydrogel networks, and the divergence between preclinical rodent efficacy and the comparatively sparse controlled human trial data available for most gel platforms. The review concludes that while stimuli-responsive and 3D\/4D-printed gel architectures have matured substantially as engineering constructs, clinical translation remains bottlenecked less by materials science than by inconsistent characterization standards, unresolved terminal-sterilization compatibility, and a paucity of head-to-head comparative trials against existing standard-of-care formulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12090787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T09:48:36Z","timestamp":1788256116000},"page":"787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gel-Based Drug Delivery Platforms: A Critical, Mechanistic Review of Design, Cross-Linking, and Disease-Specific Translation (2010\u20132026)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rama Rao","family":"Nadendla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chalapathi University, A.R. Nagar, Mothadaka, Guntur 522016, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkata Suresh","family":"Ponnuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chalapathi Nagar, Lam, Guntur 522034, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pallavi","family":"Vadlamudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chalapathi Nagar, Lam, Guntur 522034, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2453-7668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koora Narasimhulu Rajini","family":"Kanth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chalapathi Nagar, Lam, Guntur 522034, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2877-7061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohan Chandu","family":"Uppalapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chalapathi Nagar, Lam, Guntur 522034, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koushik","family":"Yetukuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chalapathi Nagar, Lam, Guntur 522034, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/185117a0","article-title":"Hydrophilic gels for biological use","volume":"185","author":"Wichterle","year":"1960","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"704","article-title":"A comparative review on vesicular drug delivery system and stability issues","volume":"2","author":"Bansal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. 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