{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T05:08:02Z","timestamp":1789189682787,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52304037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52304037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["52304037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52304037"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing depth of oil wells and associated elevated formation temperatures pose significant challenges to conventional crosslinked polymer gels used in hydraulic fracturing, as viscosity degradation severely impairs proppant transport and stimulation efficiency. In this study, a thermally stable organic boron crosslinker was developed and evaluated in combination with hydroxypropyl guar gum (HPG). The rheological performance of the crosslinked gel system was systematically investigated under high-temperature shearing conditions. At a guar gum concentration of 0.5 wt% and a crosslinker-to-gum ratio of 100:0.5, the system maintains a viscosity of 500 mPa\u00b7s at 120 \u00b0C and 170 s\u22121, and the viscosity remains above 300 mPa\u00b7s after 60 min of continuous shearing, demonstrating outstanding thermal resistance. (For 0.3 wt% HPG, the optimal crosslinking ratio is 100:0.3; for 0.5 wt% HPG, the optimal ratio is 100:0.5). This gel formulation achieves efficient proppant transport with minimal additives. It maintains static proppant suspension for up to 48 h. After breaking, the fluid viscosity drops to approximately 5 mPa\u00b7s. With the addition of a flowback aid, surface tension can be reduced to as low as 16.29 mN\/m, while the formation matrix permeability damage rate is limited to only 20.76%. Additionally, the gel features rapid breaking and low residue generation, making it highly suitable for high-temperature fracturing operations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12090827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T10:27:21Z","timestamp":1789036041000},"page":"827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preparation and Rheological Behavior of Temperature-Resistant Hydroxypropyl Guar Gum Supramolecular Hydrogels Based on Dynamic Borate Ester Bonds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yikai","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi\u2019an Petroleum University, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2195-3575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongfei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi\u2019an Petroleum University, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Oil and Gas Field Chemistry, Universities of Shaanxi Provence, Xi\u2019an Petroleum University, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Eleventh Oil Production Factory, Petro China Changqing Oil Field Company, Qingyang 710021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCDC Changqing Downhole Technology Operation Company, Xi\u2019an 710021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCDC Changqing Downhole Technology Operation Company, Xi\u2019an 710021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi\u2019an Petroleum University, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi\u2019an Petroleum University, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2208-1873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi\u2019an Petroleum University, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.123837","article-title":"Rheological properties of hydroxypropyl guar gum fracturing fluids: Effects of cross-linking agents","volume":"366","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr. 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