{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:05:51Z","timestamp":1789477551133,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009543","name":"Pontificia Universidad Javeriana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20300149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20300149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["20300149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20300149"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03etyjw28","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated the osteogenic differentiation and paracrine response of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) cultured within a 3D-printed alginate\/chitosan\/cannabidiol (CBD) hydrogel. DPSCs from a single donor (passage 6; n = 3 technical replicates per condition) were cultured as monolayers or on hydrogel constructs (CBD 0\u201312 mg\/mL) in basal or osteogenic medium for 7, 14, and 21 days. Alizarin Red S staining confirmed retention of osteogenic competence. Supernatant osteoprotegerin (OPG) and RANKL were quantified by Luminex immunoassay. Monolayer cultures produced up to 7867.5 \u00b1 676.8 pg\/mL OPG, whereas hydrogel cultures yielded 9.7\u201369.3 pg\/mL (98\u201399.8% reduction; p &lt; 0.001). RANKL remained stable at 9\u201311 pg\/mL across all conditions; neither analyte varied with CBD concentration. The OPG\/RANKL ratio collapsed from 215\u2013858 to 1.0\u20136.3 in hydrogel groups. Since RANKL\u2014co-secreted by the same cells\u2014was unaffected, a generalized cellular or secretory deficit is unlikely to explain the selective OPG decrease. The data are consistent with charge-selective retention of cationic OPG (pI \u2248 8.5\u20139.0) within the anionic alginate network, although this mechanism remains hypothetical pending direct adsorption and \u03b6-potential verification. These findings indicate that scaffold fixed charge constitutes an active variable in the apparent secretome of three-dimensional cultures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12090843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:57:34Z","timestamp":1789473454000},"page":"843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Osteogenic Response of Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) to an Alginate\/Chitosan\/Cannabidiol Hydrogel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8320-6220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hernan Santiago","family":"Garzon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa Doctorado en Ingenier\u00eda, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia"},{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas y Medicina Oral, Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias Odontol\u00f3gicas, Programa de Especializaci\u00f3n en Periodoncia, Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria Colegios de Colombia, Colegio Odontol\u00f3gico Colombiano, Bogot\u00e1 111071, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2696-3051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas y Medicina Oral, Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Odontol\u00f3gicas, Departamento del Sistema Periodontal, Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Industrial, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2019.11.005","article-title":"Natural Medicinal Compounds in Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"38","author":"Bose","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.7181\/acfs.2025.0008","article-title":"Analysis of jaw fractures in motorcycle accidents: A systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Arif","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. 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