{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:06:39Z","timestamp":1790089599670,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ANID through FONDECYT POSTDOCTORADO","award":["3230437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3230437"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study was to develop chia oil oleogel microcapsules by spray-drying Pickering emulsions (OLG\/W\u2013E) stabilized with lupin protein aggregates (LPA), optimize spray-drying conditions, and evaluate the effect of wall composition on encapsulation efficiency (EE) and in vitro lipid digestion. Oleogels structured with beeswax (BW) and shellac wax (SW) at 2.5 and 5.0% (w\/w) were characterized for oil-binding capacity (OBC) and firmness. OLG\/W\u2013E were formulated, and spray drying was optimized using a Taguchi design considering inlet air temperature (120 and 160 \u00b0C), emulsion type (OLGSW\/W\u2013E and OLGBW\/W\u2013E), and wall material (maltodextrin, MD, and gum arabic, GA). Increasing wax concentration to 5% enhanced OBC and firmness, while 3% LPA provided adequate stability. The optimal condition was achieved at 160 \u00b0C using a BW-structured oleogel and GA, yielding an EE of 71.3 \u00b1 1.25%. Under optimized conditions, replacing GA with up to 1% (w\/w) sodium alginate (SA) did not significantly affect moisture content, solubility, process yield, or EE (p &gt; 0.05). However, SA significantly increased lipid digestion (p &lt; 0.05), with FFA release increasing from 26.4 \u00b1 3.23% for GA microcapsules to 44.8 \u00b1 6.33% and 43.4 \u00b1 0.30% for GA\/SA\u20130.5% and GA\/SA\u20131.0%, respectively. These results indicate that SA can modulate lipid digestion during gastrointestinal digestion while maintaining comparable physicochemical properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12090856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T14:19:03Z","timestamp":1790086743000},"page":"856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spray-Dried Chia Oil Oleogel Microcapsules from Pickering Emulsions: Wall Material Effects on Encapsulation Efficiency and In Vitro Lipid Digestion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8487-2040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Morales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8841-6133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matias","family":"Leiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4322-2263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Rubilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7991-9866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela","family":"Quilaqueo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Millao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5584-8637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Burgos-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriaquaculture Nutritional Genomic Center (CGNA), Temuco 4781158, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0576-8188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ever","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Olivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"InnograinLab, Food Technology Division, Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12871","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160612871","article-title":"Fatty acids composition of vegetable oils and its contribution to dietary energy intake and dependence of cardiovascular mortality on dietary intake of fatty acids","volume":"16","author":"Orsavova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. 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