{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T14:13:49Z","timestamp":1774620829761,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present study, a biopolymer nanocomposite hydrogel based on gelatin and tin-doped gadolinium oxide (Sn-Gd2O3@GH) was prepared for the efficient reduction of water pollutants. The method of Sn-Gd2O3@GH preparation consisted of two steps. A Sn-Gd2O3 nanomaterial was synthesized by a hydrothermal method and mixed with a hot aqueous solution (T &gt; 60 \u00b0C) of gelatin polymer, followed by cross-linking. Due to the presence of abundant functional groups on the skeleton of gelatin, such as carboxylic acid (\u2013COOH) and hydroxyl (\u2013OH), it was easily cross-linked with formaldehyde. The structure, morphology, and composition of Sn-Gd2O3@GH were further characterized by the FESEM, XRD, EDX, and FTIR techniques. The FESEM images located the distribution of the Sn-Gd2O3 nanomaterial in a GH matrix of 30.06 nm. The XRD patterns confirmed the cubic crystalline structure of Gd2O3 in a nanocomposite hydrogel, while EDS elucidated the elemental composition of pure Sn-Gd2O3 powder and cross-linked the Sn-Gd2O3@GH samples. The synthesized Sn-Gd2O3@GH nanocomposite was used for the removal of different azo dyes and nitrophenols (NPs). It exhibited an efficient catalytic reduction of Congo red (CR) with a reaction rate of 9.15 \u00d7 10\u22121 min\u22121 with a strong NaBH4-reducing agent. Moreover, the Sn-Gd2O3@GH could be easily recovered by discharging the reduced (colourless) dye, and it could be reused for a fresh cycle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8020086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T01:41:59Z","timestamp":1643420519000},"page":"86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Catalytic Reduction of Environmental Pollutants with Biopolymer Hydrogel Cross-Linked Gelatin Conjugated Tin-Doped Gadolinium Oxide Nanocomposites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hadi M.","family":"Marwani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahid","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2773-1244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed M.","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01622141","article-title":"Acute toxicity of phenol and substituted phenols to the fathead minnow","volume":"26","author":"Phipps","year":"1981","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.05.044","article-title":"Review of technologies for oil and gas produced water treatment","volume":"170","author":"Pendashteh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. 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