{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T01:20:43Z","timestamp":1769908843537,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004396","name":"Thailand Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PHD0203\/2557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHD0203\/2557"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004396","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Royal Golden Jubilee (RGJ) Ph.D. Program","award":["PHD0203\/2557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHD0203\/2557"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vancomycin hydrochloride (HCl) is a glycopeptide antibiotic used to treat serious or life-threatening infections, and it reduces plaque scores and gingivitis in periodontal patients. In this study, vancomycin HCl was incorporated into rosin in situ forming gel (ISG) and rosin in situ forming microparticles (ISM) to generate a local drug delivery system to treat periodontal disease. The physical properties of the ISG and ISM were measured, including pH, viscosity, injectability, adhesion properties, in-vitro transformation, and drug release. Moreover, the effectiveness of antimicrobial activity was tested using the agar-cup diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Escherichia coli. Vancomycin HCl-loaded rosin-based ISG and ISM had a pH value in the range of 5.02\u20136.48 and exhibited the ease of injection with an injection force of less than 20 N. Additionally, the lubricity effect of the external oil phase of ISM promoted less work of injection than ISG and 40\u201360% rosin-based ISM showed good emulsion stability. The droplet size of emulsions containing 40%, 50%, and 60% rosin was 98.48 \u00b1 16.11, 125.55 \u00b1 4.75, and 137.80 \u00b1 16.8 \u00b5m, respectively. Their obtained microparticles were significantly smaller in diameter, 78.63 \u00b1 12.97, 93.81 \u00b1 10.53, and 118.32 \u00b1 15.61 \u00b5m, respectively, because the particles shrank due to the solvent loss from solvent exchange. Moreover, increasing the concentration of rosin increased the size of microparticles. After phase transformation, all formulations had better plasticity properties than elasticity; therefore, they could easily adapt to the specific shape of a patient\u2019s gum cavity. Both developed ISG and ISM presented inhibition zones against S. mutans and P. gingivalis, with ISG presenting significantly more effectively against these two microbes (p &lt; 0.05). The vancomycin HCl-loaded rosin ISG and ISM delayed drug release for 7 days with efficient antimicrobial activities; thus, they exhibit potential as the drug delivery systems for periodontitis treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8040231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T12:11:14Z","timestamp":1649419874000},"page":"231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Design and Comparative Evaluation of Vancomycin HCl-Loaded Rosin-Based In Situ Forming Gel and Microparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Tiraniti","family":"Chuenbarn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jitnapa","family":"Sirirak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3719-5510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarun","family":"Tuntarawongsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Intellectual Center \u201cPrachote Plengwittaya\u201d, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"},{"name":"Natural Bioactive and Material for Health Promotion and Drug Delivery System Group (NBM), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6077-5017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siriporn","family":"Okonogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8851-8386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thawatchai","family":"Phaechamud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"},{"name":"Pharmaceutical Intellectual Center \u201cPrachote Plengwittaya\u201d, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E649","DOI":"10.1208\/pt060481","article-title":"Evaluation of polymerized rosin for the formulation and development of transdermal drug delivery system: A technical note","volume":"6","author":"Satturwar","year":"2005","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"35","article-title":"Rosin an important polymer for drug delivery: A short review","volume":"3","author":"Pal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. 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