{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T14:29:47Z","timestamp":1784039387468,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the European Social Fund financing agreement","award":["56437\/24.07.2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["56437\/24.07.2019"]}]},{"name":"the European Social Fund financing agreement","award":["PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-3813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-3813"]}]},{"name":"The Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development, and Innovation Funding, Romania","award":["56437\/24.07.2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["56437\/24.07.2019"]}]},{"name":"The Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development, and Innovation Funding, Romania","award":["PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-3813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-3813"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dexamethasone is one of the most often used corticosteroid drugs for sensorineural hearing loss treatment, and is used either by intratympanic injection or through systemic delivery. In this study, a biopolymer lipid hybrid microcarrier was investigated for enhanced local drug delivery and sustained release at the round window membrane level of the middle ear for the treatment of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Dexamethasone-loaded and dexamethasone-free microparticles were prepared using biopolymers (polysaccharide and protein, pectin and bovine serum albumin, respectively) combined with lipid components (phosphatidylcholine and Dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide) in order to obtain a biopolymer\u2013liposome hybrid system, with a complex structure combining to enhance performance in terms of physical and chemical stability. The structure of the microparticles was evaluated by FTIR, XRD, thermal analysis, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The encapsulation efficiency determination and the in vitro Dexamethasone release study were performed using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The high value of encapsulation efficiency and the results of the release study indicated six days of sustained release, encouraging us to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity of Dexamethasone-loaded microparticles and their influence on the cytotoxicity induced by Cisplatin on auditory HEI-OC1 cells. The results show that the new particles are able to protect the inner ear sensory cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8080483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T21:01:24Z","timestamp":1659387684000},"page":"483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Biopolymer Lipid Hybrid Microcarrier for Transmembrane Inner Ear Delivery of Dexamethasone"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4334-0967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian George","family":"Dindelegan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Gh. Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaringology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4-6 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4119-6906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Violeta","family":"Pa\u0219cal\u0103u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28 Memorandumului Street, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5449-9108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Suciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron Microscopy Center \u201cC. Craciun\u201d, Biology and Geology Faculty, Babes-Bolyai University, 5-7 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogdan","family":"Neam\u021bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28 Memorandumului Street, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8581-0982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Perde-Schrepler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oncology \u201cProf Dr. Ion Chiricuta\u201d, 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2230-3435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina Maria","family":"Blebea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaringology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4-6 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alma Aurelia","family":"Maniu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaringology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4-6 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8415-555X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Violeta","family":"Necula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaringology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4-6 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3511-2788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca Dana","family":"Buzoianu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Gh. Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6536-7696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miu\u021ba","family":"Filip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cRaluca Ripan\u201d Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babes-Bolyai University, 30 Fantanele Street, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5876-3313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Csapai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28 Memorandumului Street, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u0103t\u0103lin","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28 Memorandumului Street, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, July 25). World Report on Hearing, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/world-report-on-hearing."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1980.00790360050013","article-title":"The Efficacy of Steroids in the Treatment of Idiopathic Sudden Hearing Loss: A Double-blind Clinical Study","volume":"106","author":"Wilson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/1084713811408349","article-title":"Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Review of Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis","volume":"15","author":"Kuhn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends. Amplif."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2008.09.022","article-title":"Sudden sensorineural hearing loss: An evaluation of treatment and management approaches by referring physicians","volume":"140","author":"Shemirani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Neck. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-016-4117-z","article-title":"Platinum-induced ototoxicity: A review of prevailing ototoxicity criteria","volume":"274","author":"Waissbluth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01837-1","article-title":"Cisplatin is retained in the cochlea indefinitely following chemotherapy","volume":"8","author":"Breglio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00999","article-title":"Current Strategies to Combat Cisplatin-Induced Ototoxicity","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e31818599d5","article-title":"Cisplatin-Induced Ototoxicity: Effect of intratympanic dexamethoasone injections","volume":"29","author":"Hill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62071-7","article-title":"Sudden sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"375","author":"Schreiber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aao0935","article-title":"Delivery of therapeutics to the inner ear: The challenge of the blood-labyrinth barrier","volume":"11","author":"Nyberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.06314","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology of corticosteroids","volume":"63","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7794384","article-title":"Recent Advances and Future Research Directions for Hearing Loss Treatment Based on Nanoparticles","volume":"2022","author":"Dindelegan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(05)03574-9","article-title":"Local inner-ear drug delivery and pharmacokinetics","volume":"10","author":"Salt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2018.01.020","article-title":"Evaluation of a transtympanic delivery system in Mus musculus for extended release steroids","volume":"126","author":"Dormer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.04.038","article-title":"Optimized phospholipid-based nanoparticles for inner ear drug delivery and therapy","volume":"171","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1159\/000346938","article-title":"Effectiveness of systemic high-dose dexamethasone therapy for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"18","author":"Khojasteh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S304123","article-title":"Clinical Analysis of Intratympanic Injection of Dexamethasone for Treating Sudden Deafness","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200544010-00003","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Systemically Administered Glucocorticoids","volume":"44","author":"Czock","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1710-1492-9-30","article-title":"A practical guide to the monitoring and management of the complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2014.05.021","article-title":"\u03b2-carotene-loaded liposome dispersions stabilized with xanthan and guar gums: Physico-chemical stability and feasibility of application in yogurt","volume":"59","author":"Toniazzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.03.071","article-title":"Physical and chemical stability of anthocyanin-rich black carrot extract-loaded liposomes during storage","volume":"108","author":"Guldiken","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TB02346B","article-title":"Poly-phosphocholination of liposomes leads to highly-extended retention time in mice joints","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2021.107727","article-title":"Biopolymer-liposome hybrid systems for controlled delivery of bioactive compounds: Recent advances","volume":"48","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colcom.2021.100570","article-title":"Lipid polymer hybrid nanocarriers: Insights into synthesis aspects, characterization, release mechanisms, surface functionalization and potential implications","volume":"46","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloids Interface Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2020.106225","article-title":"Regulating structural and mechanical properties of pectin reinforced liposomes at fluid\/solid interface","volume":"111","author":"Bhargavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2014.02.036","article-title":"Storage stability and skin permeation of vitamin C liposomes improved by pectin coating","volume":"117","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.139","article-title":"Environmental stress stability of pectin-stabilized resveratrol liposomes with different degree of esterification","volume":"119","author":"Shao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.11.021","article-title":"Pharmaceutical applications of various natural gums, mucilages and their modified forms","volume":"92","author":"Prajapati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2010.09.010","article-title":"Modified gums: Approaches and applications in drug delivery","volume":"83","author":"Rana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2012.10.008","article-title":"Lyophilisomes as a new generation of drug delivery capsules","volume":"439","author":"Verdurmen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2008.05.010","article-title":"Albumin as a drug carrier: Design of prodrugs, drug conjugates and nanoparticles","volume":"132","author":"Kratz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2006.11.004","article-title":"Characterization and activity of sonochemically-prepared BSA microspheres containing Taxol\u2014An anticancer drug","volume":"14","author":"Grinberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochemistry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.12.024","article-title":"Polyelectrolyte capsules packaging BSA gels for pH-controlled drug loading and release and their antitumor activity","volume":"9","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1021\/la053158b","article-title":"Stable and pH-sensitive nanogels prepared by self-assembly of chitosan and ovalbumin","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2005.09.037","article-title":"Mitoxantrone-loaded BSA nanospheres and chitosan nanospheres for local injection against breast cancer and its lymph node metastases: I: Formulation and in vitro characterization","volume":"307","author":"Lu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.07.002","article-title":"Liposomes: Advancements and innovation in the manufacturing process","volume":"154\u2013155","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"228","article-title":"Ethanol injection method for hydrophilic and lipophilic drug-loaded liposome preparation","volume":"20","author":"Diab","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1021\/cg050436w","article-title":"Calcium Carbonate Crystallization in the Presence of Biopolymers","volume":"6","author":"Butler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6223","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA25898G","article-title":"Formation of drug nanocrystals under nanoconfinement afforded by liposomes","volume":"6","author":"Cipolla","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2007.01.007","article-title":"Dexamethasone-loaded nanoparticle-coated microparticles: Correlation between in vitro drug release and drug transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers","volume":"67","author":"Beck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2008.02.008","article-title":"Dexamethasone acetate encapsulation into Trojan particles","volume":"128","author":"Fattal","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.05.065","article-title":"Lipid\/alginate nanoparticle-loaded in situ gelling system tailored for dexamethasone nasal delivery","volume":"533","author":"Dukovski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.08.008","article-title":"Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)\/cyclodextrin (polyethyleneimine) microspheres for controlled delivery of dexamethasone","volume":"107","author":"Bucatariu","year":"2016","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"248","article-title":"Size and Cell Type Dependent Uptake of Silica Nanoparticles","volume":"5","author":"Hsiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-8-9","article-title":"Cytotoxicity screening of 23 engineered nanomaterials using a test matrix of ten cell lines and three different assays","volume":"8","author":"Kroll","year":"2011","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1177\/014107688007300409","article-title":"Cells in Culture in Toxicity Testing: A Review","volume":"73","author":"Rees","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2020.107893","article-title":"The expression of copper transporters associated with the ototoxicity induced by platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents","volume":"388","author":"Virag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2016.02.019","article-title":"HEI-OC1 cells as a model for investigating drug cytotoxicity","volume":"335","author":"Kalinec","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(93)90389-W","article-title":"Liposomes obtained by the ethanol injection method","volume":"95","author":"Pons","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2014.09.008","article-title":"Preparation of liposomes at large scale using the ethanol injection method: Effect of scale-up and injection devices","volume":"94","author":"Charcosset","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2010.08.008","article-title":"Efficient water soluble O-carboxymethyl chitosan nanocarrier for the delivery of curcumin to cancer cells","volume":"83","author":"Anitha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bovine serum albumin gel\/polyelectrolyte complex of hyaluronic acid and chitosan based microcarriers for Sorafenib targeted delivery","volume":"137","author":"Tertis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1159\/000071059","article-title":"A Cochlear Cell Line as an in vitro System for Drug Ototoxicity Screening","volume":"8","author":"Kalinec","year":"2003","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(02)00634-2","article-title":"Cisplatin-induced apoptosis in auditory cells: Role of death receptor and mitochondrial pathways","volume":"174","author":"Devarajan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"e54425","article-title":"Working with Auditory HEI-OC1 Cells","volume":"2016","author":"Kalinec","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."}],"container-title":["Gels"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/8\/8\/483\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:00:46Z","timestamp":1760140846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/8\/8\/483"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["gels8080483"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/gels8080483","relation":{},"ISSN":["2310-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2310-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]}}}