{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:43:34Z","timestamp":1791290614692,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, a highly efficient and environmentally friendly method for extracting palladium from hydrochloric acid media was developed. The method uses a magnetic sorbent carrying an organophosphorus extractant, which is not washed from the sorbent into the aqueous phase. The extractant was characterized by 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectroscopy and MALDI TOF mass spectrometry, and the palladium complex based on it was characterized by IR spectroscopy. According to an in vitro microbiological study, the extractant was non-toxic to soil microflora. It was established that the water uptake and saturation magnetization of the magnetic sorbent were sufficient for use in sorption processes. The sorption efficiency of palladium(II) with the developed sorbent can reach 71% in one cycle. After treatment of the spent sorbent with 5 M hydrochloric acid, palladium was completely extracted from the sorbent. The new sorbent is proposed for the extraction of palladium from hydrochloric acid media obtained by the leaching of electronic waste.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8080492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T21:09:18Z","timestamp":1659992958000},"page":"492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Extraction of Palladium(II) with a Magnetic Sorbent Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol Gel, Metallic Iron, and an Environmentally Friendly Polydentate Phosphazene-Containing Extractant"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Pavel","family":"Yudaev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Butorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0053-1883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gennady","family":"Stepanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation, Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Organoelement Compounds, 111123 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6072-8982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgeniy","family":"Chistyakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2019.105241","article-title":"A simple process for the recovery of palladium from wastes of printed circuit boards","volume":"191","author":"Bourgeois","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2017.12.019","article-title":"Extraction and separation of palladium(II), platinum(IV), gold(III) and rhodium(III) using piperidine-based extractants","volume":"175","author":"Cieszynska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Platinum Group Elements in the Environment: Emissions and Exposure","volume":"199","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2022.153729","article-title":"Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of alkylindium reagent with diaryliodonium salt","volume":"95","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2020.124035","article-title":"Unexpected electocatalytic activity of a micron-sized carbon sphere-graphene (MS-GR) supported palladium composite catalyst for ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR)","volume":"259","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1134\/S0020168506020038","article-title":"Hydrogen absorption by transition metals","volume":"42","author":"Dergachev","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inorg. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Groshev, N.Y., Rundkvist, T.V., Karykowski, B.T., Maier, W.D., Korchagin, A.U., Ivanov, A.N., and Junge, M. (2019). Low-Sulfide Platinum\u2013Palladium Deposits of the Paleoproterozoic Fedorova\u2013Pana Layered Complex, Kola Region, Russia. Minerals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/min9120764"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2016.06.009","article-title":"Platinum, palladium and gold leaching from magnetite ore, with concentrated chloride solutions and ozone","volume":"166","author":"Torres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2021.105716","article-title":"Recovery of Pd(II) in chloride solutions by solvent extraction with new vinyl sulfide ploymer extractants","volume":"204","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2022.105888","article-title":"Recovery of palladium(II) from strong nitric acid solutions relevant to high-level liquid waste of PUREX process by solvent extraction with pyrazole-pyridine-based amide ligands","volume":"211","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.119132","article-title":"Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis-2,4,4-(trimethylpentyl)phosphinate micellar behavior in the extraction of Ag(I) from acidic nitrate media","volume":"358","author":"Chagnes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2021.107148","article-title":"Recovery of scandium from various sources: A critical review of the state of the art and future prospects","volume":"172","author":"Junior","year":"2021","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.118969","article-title":"Theoretical study on the extraction behaviors of MoO22+ with organophosphorous extractants","volume":"355","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13725","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202103023","article-title":"Investigation of the Phase Splitting Behaviour of U(VI) and Th(IV) loaded Trialkyl Phosphate Solvents in the Absence of Aqueous Phase","volume":"6","author":"Sarkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.118818","article-title":"Synergistic and antagonistic effects during solvent extraction of Gd(III) ion in ionic liquids","volume":"353","author":"Atanassova","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2021.116287","article-title":"Neutral organophosphorus ligands as a molecular lab for simultaneous detecting of Ag(I) ions","volume":"335","author":"Atanassova","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, S., Nilsson, M., and Kalu, E.E. (2017). Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Characterization of Water\/Sodium Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) Sulfosuccinate-HDEHP\/n-Dodecane Reverse Micelles for Electroextraction of Neodymium. ChemEngineering, 1.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemengineering1010003"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2021.105768","article-title":"Separation of lithium and transition metals from the leachate of spent lithium-ion battery by extraction-precipitation with p-tert-butylphenoxy acetic acid","volume":"206","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2021.105814","article-title":"Separation of palladium and platinum metals by selective and simultaneous leaching and extraction with aqueous\/non-aqueous solutions","volume":"208","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2019.06.008","article-title":"Further improvement for separation of heavy rare earths by mixtures of acidic organophosphorus extractants","volume":"188","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2021.119798","article-title":"Selective separation of Sc(III) and Zr(IV) from the leaching of bauxite residue using trialkylphosphine acids, tertiary amine, tri-butyl phosphate and their mixtures","volume":"279","author":"Junior","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kukkonen, E., Virtanen, E.J., and Moilanen, J.O. (2022). \u03b1-Aminophosphonates, -Phosphinates, and -Phosphine Oxides as Extraction and Precipitation Agents for Rare Earth Metals, Thorium, and Uranium: A Review. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27113465"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.3390\/ma7020673","article-title":"Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Polymers as Adsorbents for Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Solutions: A Review","volume":"7","author":"Samiey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2021.103543","article-title":"Insights into recent advances of chitosan-based adsorbents for sustainable removal of heavy metals and anions","volume":"15","author":"Omer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, D., Foley, S.R., and Wilson, L.D. (2022). An Overview of Modified Chitosan Adsorbents for the Removal of Precious Metals Species from Aqueous Media. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030978"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2020.116914","article-title":"Efficient Cu2+, Pb2+ and Ni2+ ion removal from wastewater using electrospun DTPA-modified chitosan\/polyethylene oxide nanofibers","volume":"247","author":"Surgutskaia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Liu, Y., Yang, A., Zhu, Q., Sun, H., Sun, P., Yao, B., Zang, Y., Du, X., and Dong, L. (2022). Xanthate-Modified Magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2-Based Polyvinyl Alcohol\/Chitosan Composite Material for Efficient Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Water. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14061107"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakavula, S., Biata, N.R., Dimpe, K.M., Pakade, V.E., and Nomngongo, P.N. (2021). Magnetic Ion Imprinted Polymers (MIIPs) for Selective Extraction and Preconcentration of Sb(III) from Environmental Matrices. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14010021"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2020.137092","article-title":"Removal of simulated radioactive cerium (III) based on innovative magnetic trioctylamine-polystyrene composite microspheres","volume":"741","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yudaev, P.A., and Chistyakov, E.M. (2022). Ionic Liquids as Components of Systems for Metal Extraction. ChemEngineering, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemengineering6010006"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.07.022","article-title":"Recent applications of magnetic composites as extraction adsorbents for determination of environmental pollutants","volume":"119","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/10426507.2018.1539491","article-title":"Novel hexacentered phosphazene compound as selective Fe3+ ions sensor with high quantum yield: Synthesis and application","volume":"194","author":"Ozay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phosphorus Sulfur. Silicon Relat. Elem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1080\/10426507.2014.966190","article-title":"Synthesis of Tetranuclear Ruthenium (Ii) Complex of Pyridyloxy-Substituted 2,2\u2032-Dioxybiphenyl-Cyclotriphosphazene Platform and its Catalytic Application in the Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones","volume":"190","author":"Dayan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phosphorus Sulfur. Silicon Relat. Elem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1134\/S107036320603011X","article-title":"Liquid extraction of noble metal ions with bis(\u03b1-aminophosphonates)","volume":"76","author":"Cherkasov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Russ. J. Gen. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2013.01.001","article-title":"Extraction and separation of platinum, palladium and rhodium using Cyanex 923 and their recovery from real samples","volume":"134\u2013135","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"507","article-title":"Magnetic polymer granules based on metallic iron and polyvinyl alcohol","volume":"20","author":"Chistyakov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Multidiscip. Sci. Geoconf. SGEM"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chistyakov, E., Yudaev, P., and Nelyubina, Y. (2022). Crystallization of Nano-Sized Macromolecules by the Example of Hexakis-[4-{(N-Allylimino)methyl}phenoxy]cyclotriphosphazene. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12132268"}],"container-title":["Gels"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/8\/8\/492\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:05:59Z","timestamp":1760141159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/8\/8\/492"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["gels8080492"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/gels8080492","relation":{},"ISSN":["2310-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2310-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]}}}