{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:37:25Z","timestamp":1760243845970,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present work, novel organic\u2013inorganic hybrid materials containing boron, zirconium, and phosphorus were synthesized at different molar ratios, using the sol\u2013gel method, starting from zirconyl chloride hexa-hydrate, triethyl borate, and phenyl phosphonic acid as the precursors. The sol\u2013gel process is used for the first time in the present work in order to obtain organic\u2013inorganic hybrids (or the so-called inorganic polymers) containing together boron, zirconium, and phosphorus. The sol\u2013gel syntheses were performed at room temperature in ethanol. Zirconium containing compounds are already well known for their applications in medicine in restorative or prosthetic devices, including dental implants, knee and hip replacements, middle-ear ossicular chain reconstruction, and so on. Zirconium is a strong transition metal, which started to replace hafnium and titanium in the last decade in important applications. On the other hand, boron has the capability (similar to carbon) to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks. In addition to this capability, boron also offers mixed metallic and nonmetallic properties, because of its place on the periodic table, at the border between metals and nonmetals. Boron is responsible for the higher thermal stability of synthesized hybrid compounds. In the structure of those hybrid compounds, zirconium, boron, and phosphorus atoms are always connected via an oxygen atom, by P-O-Zr, Zr-O-Zr, or Zr-O-B bridges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8100667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T21:11:51Z","timestamp":1666041111000},"page":"667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Influence of Boron on the Structure and Properties of Hybrid Compounds Containing Zirconium and Phosphorus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Petru","family":"Merghes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Banat\u2019s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine \u2018\u2018King Michael I of Romania\u2019\u2019 from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2262-6122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gheorghe","family":"Ilia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Biology, Geography, West University of Timisoara, Pestalozzi Street 16, 300115 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5442-0631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iosif","family":"Hulka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Renewable Energies, Politehnica University Timisoara, Gavriil Musicescu Street 38, 300501 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vlad","family":"Chiriac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Biology, Geography, West University of Timisoara, Pestalozzi Street 16, 300115 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Narcis","family":"Varan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Banat\u2019s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine \u2018\u2018King Michael I of Romania\u2019\u2019 from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9031-5054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasile","family":"Simulescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Biology, Geography, West University of Timisoara, Pestalozzi Street 16, 300115 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"5283","article-title":"Layered microporous tin(iv) bisphosphonates","volume":"43","author":"Cabeza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atwood, J.L., Davies, J.E.D., and MacNicol, D.D. (1991). Inclusion compounds. Inorganic and Physical Aspects of Inclusion, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198552925.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2003.12.003","article-title":"Preparation, characterization and proton conductivity of membrane based on zirconium tricarboxybutylphosphonate and polybenzimidazole for fuel cells","volume":"167","author":"Jang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Solid State Ionics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2005.09.042","article-title":"Preparation and characterisation of \u03b1-layered zirconium phosphate sulfophenylenphosphonates with variable concentration of sulfonic groups","volume":"176","author":"Alberti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Solid State Ionics"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2004.11.020","article-title":"Solid acid membranes for high temperature (140 \u00b0C) proton exchange membrane fuel cells","volume":"142","author":"Hogarth","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1080\/07366290008934702","article-title":"Inorganic ion exchangers, past, present, and future","volume":"18","author":"Clearfield","year":"2000","journal-title":"Solvent Extr. Ion Exch."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2007.10.020","article-title":"Zr(HPO4)2 based organic\/inorganic nanohybrids as new proton conductors","volume":"178","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Solid State Ionics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crci.2003.07.006","article-title":"Organic-inorganic hybrid materials based on organophosphorus coupling molecules: From metal phosphonates to surface modification of oxides","volume":"6","author":"Mutin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Chim."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"2394","article-title":"Layered microporous tin(iv) bisphosphonates","volume":"23","author":"Cabeza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.2109\/jcersj2.123.709","article-title":"Sol-gel processing of phosphonate-based organic-inorganic hybrid materials","volume":"123","author":"Mutin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3559","DOI":"10.1039\/b509097k","article-title":"Applications of hybrid organic\u2013inorganic nanocomposites","volume":"15","author":"Sanchez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3761","DOI":"10.1039\/b505422b","article-title":"Hybrid materials from organophosphorus coupling molecules","volume":"15","author":"Mutin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1021\/cm991125+","article-title":"Mixed Nonhydrolytic\/Hydrolytic Sol-Gel Routes to Novel Metal Oxide\/Phosphonate Hybrids","volume":"12","author":"Guerrero","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00706-018-2327-3","article-title":"Ultrasonic irradiation used in synthesis of aminophosphonates","volume":"150","author":"Macarie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Monatshefte f\u00fcr Chemie\/Chem. Mon."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1557\/PROC-519-345","article-title":"Introduction of Organic Moieties into Transition-Metal Oxide Matrices via Phosphonate Groups","volume":"519","author":"Mutin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.1039\/b104411g","article-title":"Organically modified aluminas by grafting and sol-gel processes involving phosphonate derivatives","volume":"11","author":"Guerrero","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5939","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.5939","article-title":"Phosphonate metal-organic frameworks used as dye removal materials from wastewaters","volume":"34","author":"Nistor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Apply Organomet. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1515\/pac-2018-0513","article-title":"The corrosion inhibitor behavior of iron in saline solution by the action of magnesium carboxyphosphonate","volume":"90","author":"Maranescu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1080\/01496395.2017.1340953","article-title":"Equilibrium and kinetic studies of chromium ions adsorption on Co (II)-based phosphonate metal organic frameworks","volume":"53","author":"Lupa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sep. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.134845","article-title":"A comprehensive review on water remediation using UiO-66 MOFs and their derivatives","volume":"302","author":"Rego","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.136851","article-title":"MOFs meet wood: Reusable magnetic hydrophilic composites toward efficient water treatment with super-high dye adsorption capacity at high dye concentration","volume":"446","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Greenwood, N.N., and Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements, Butterworth-Heinemann. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Nielsen, R. (2005). Zirconium and Zirconium Compounds. Ullmann\u2019s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1021\/la304594t","article-title":"Orientation of Phenylphosphonic Acid Self-Assembled Monolayers on a Transparent Conductive Oxide: A Combined NEXAFS, PM-IRRAS, and DFT Study","volume":"29","author":"Gliboff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1039\/C3NJ01291C","article-title":"Important reaction parameters in the synthesis of phenylphosphonic acid functionalized titania particles by reactive milling","volume":"38","author":"Betke","year":"2014","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brotherton, R.J., Weber, C.J., Guibert, C.R., and Little, J.L. (2000). Boron Compounds. Ullmann\u2019s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH.","DOI":"10.1002\/14356007.a04_309"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4629","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-3861(96)00323-0","article-title":"A convenient NMR method for the measurement of Lewis acidity at boron centres: Correlation of reaction rates of Lewis acid initiated epoxide polymerizations with Lewis acidity","volume":"37","author":"Beckett","year":"1996","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2007.08.016","article-title":"Scaling properties of the radius of gyration and surface area for EF-hand calcium binding proteins","volume":"40","author":"Pitulice","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chaos Solitons Fractals"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.2298\/JSC0809805P","article-title":"Structural features of proteins as reflected by statistical scaling laws","volume":"73","author":"Pitulice","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Serb. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105938","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2105938","article-title":"Surface modification of SnO2 with phosphonic acids","volume":"2017","author":"Gheonea","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0b013e3181e73f20","article-title":"Zirconium: Biomedical and nephrological applications","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"ASAIO J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.111.092098","article-title":"Targeting the Internal Epitope of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen with 89Zr-7E11 Immuno-PET","volume":"52","author":"Ruggiero","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.111.089557","article-title":"89Zr-Nanocolloidal Albumin\u2013Based PET\/CT Lymphoscintigraphy for Sentinel Node Detection in Head and Neck Cancer: Preclinical Results","volume":"52","author":"Heuveling","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.110.086520","article-title":"Imaging of Prostate Cancer with Immuno-PET and Immuno-SPECT Using a Radiolabeled Anti-EGP-1 Monoclonal Antibody","volume":"52","author":"Sharkey","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."}],"container-title":["Gels"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/8\/10\/667\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:56:03Z","timestamp":1760144163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/8\/10\/667"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["gels8100667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/gels8100667","relation":{},"ISSN":["2310-2861"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2310-2861"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]}}}