{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T17:07:17Z","timestamp":1777655237093,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is one of the major causes of lower back pain, a common health condition that greatly affects the quality of life. With an increasing elderly population and changes in lifestyle, there exists a high demand for novel treatment strategies for damaged IVDs. Researchers have investigated IVD tissue engineering (TE) as a way to restore biological and mechanical functions by regenerating or replacing damaged discs using scaffolds with suitable cells. These scaffolds can be constructed using material extrusion additive manufacturing (AM), a technique used to build three-dimensional (3D), custom discs utilising computer-aided design (CAD). Structural geometry can be controlled via the manipulation of printing parameters, material selection, temperature, and various other processing parameters. To date, there are no clinically relevant TE-IVDs available. In this review, advances in AM-based approaches for IVD TE are briefly discussed in order to achieve a better understanding of the requirements needed to obtain more effective, and ultimately clinically relevant, IVD TE constructs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9010025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T02:54:42Z","timestamp":1672282482000},"page":"25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Intervertebral Disc Tissue Engineering Using Additive Manufacturing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Minami","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Bioengineering & Nanomedicine, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul Richard","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5620-0330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaydee Dones","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015004","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5082\/3\/1\/015004","article-title":"Fabrication of a biomimetic elastic intervertebral disk scaffold using additive manufacturing","volume":"3","author":"Whatley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2018.01.011","article-title":"Engineering patient-specific bioprinted constructs for treatment of degenerated intervertebral disc","volume":"19","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. 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