{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T08:02:42Z","timestamp":1767859362533,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cabildo de Tenerife","award":["TF INNOVA 2016\u20132021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TF INNOVA 2016\u20132021"]}]},{"name":"Cabildo de Tenerife","award":["MACBIOIDI2 MAC2\/1.1b\/352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MACBIOIDI2 MAC2\/1.1b\/352"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["TF INNOVA 2016\u20132021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TF INNOVA 2016\u20132021"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["MACBIOIDI2 MAC2\/1.1b\/352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MACBIOIDI2 MAC2\/1.1b\/352"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A low-cost custom-made pseudo-anthropomorphic lung phantom, offering a model for ultrasound-guided interventions, is presented. The phantom is a rectangular solidstructure fabricated with polyvinyl alcohol cryogel (PVA-C) and cellulose to mimic the healthy parenchyma. The pathologies of interest were embedded as inclusions containing gaseous, liquid, or solid materials. The ribs were 3D-printed using polyethylene terephthalate, and the pleura was made of a bidimensional reticle based on PVA-C. The healthy and pathological tissues were mimicked to display acoustic and echoic properties similar to that of soft tissues. Theflexible fabrication process facilitated the modification of the physical and acoustic properties of the phantom. The phantom\u2019s manufacture offers flexibility regarding the number, shape, location, and composition of the inclusions and the insertion of ribs and pleura. In-plane and out-of-plane needle insertions, fine needle aspiration, and core needle biopsy were performed under ultrasound image guidance. The mimicked tissues displayed a resistance and recoil effect typically encountered in a real scenario for a pneumothorax, abscesses, and neoplasms. The presented phantom accurately replicated thoracic tissues (lung, ribs, and pleura) and associated pathologies providing a useful tool for training ultrasound-guided procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9020074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T05:36:55Z","timestamp":1673933815000},"page":"74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Low-Cost Pseudo-Anthropomorphic PVA-C and Cellulose Lung Phantom for Ultrasound-Guided Interventions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1645-0810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Arteaga-Marrero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Tecnolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica IACTEC, Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Canarias (IAC), 38205 San Crist\u00f3bal de La Laguna, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1028-6957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Tecnolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica IACTEC, Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Canarias (IAC), 38205 San Crist\u00f3bal de La Laguna, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0467-4024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Bel\u00e9n","family":"Llanos Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neumolog\u00eda, Complejo Universitario de Canarias (HUC), 38320 San Crist\u00f3bal de La Laguna, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5342-8700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta Elena","family":"G\u00f3mez Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departameto de Radiolog\u00eda, Complejo Universitario de Canarias (HUC), 38320 San Crist\u00f3bal de La Laguna, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0348-9190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orlando Acosta","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neumolog\u00eda, Complejo Universitario de Canarias (HUC), 38320 San Crist\u00f3bal de La Laguna, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3545-2328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Ruiz-Alzola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Tecnolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica IACTEC, Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Canarias (IAC), 38205 San Crist\u00f3bal de La Laguna, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Se\u00f1ales y Comunicaciones, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9625-5264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Biom\u00e9dica, Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Canarias (ITC), 38009 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.06.008","article-title":"A lung phantom model to study pulmonary edema using lung ultrasound surface wave elastography","volume":"44","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. 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