{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T03:18:34Z","timestamp":1769570314517,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32173026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32173026"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52103019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52103019"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021SX-TD001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SX-TD001"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021SX-TD010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SX-TD010"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering","award":["32173026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32173026"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering","award":["52103019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52103019"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering","award":["2021SX-TD001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SX-TD001"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering","award":["2021SX-TD010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SX-TD010"]}]},{"name":"2021 Major Science and Technology Program of Taiyuan","award":["32173026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32173026"]}]},{"name":"2021 Major Science and Technology Program of Taiyuan","award":["52103019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52103019"]}]},{"name":"2021 Major Science and Technology Program of Taiyuan","award":["2021SX-TD001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SX-TD001"]}]},{"name":"2021 Major Science and Technology Program of Taiyuan","award":["2021SX-TD010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SX-TD010"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi \u201c1331 Project\u201d","award":["32173026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32173026"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi \u201c1331 Project\u201d","award":["52103019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52103019"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi \u201c1331 Project\u201d","award":["2021SX-TD001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SX-TD001"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi \u201c1331 Project\u201d","award":["2021SX-TD010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SX-TD010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Kirigami approach is an effective way to realize controllable deformation of intelligent materials via introducing cuts into bulk materials. For materials ranging from ordinary stiff materials such as glass, ceramics, and metals to soft materials, including ordinary hydrogels and elastomers, all of them are all sensitive to the presence of cuts, which usually act as defects to deteriorate mechanical properties. Herein, we study the influence of the cuts on the mechanical properties by introducing \u201cdispersed macro-scale cuts\u201d into a model tough double network (DN) hydrogel (named D-cut gel), which consists of a rigid and brittle first network and a ductile stretchable second network. For comparison, DN gels with \u201ccontinuous cuts\u201d having the same number of interconnected cuts (named C-cut gel) were chosen. The fracture tests of D-cut gel and C-cut gel with different cut patterns were performed. The fracture observation revealed that crack blunting occurred at each cut tip, and a large wrinkle-like zone was formed where the wrinkles were parallel to the propagation direction of the cut. By utilizing homemade circular polarizing optical systems, we found that introducing dispersed cuts increases the rupture force by homogenizing the stress around the crack tip surrounding every cut, which reduces stress concentration in one certain cut. We believe this work reveals the fracture mechanism of tough soft materials with a kirigami cut structure, which should guide the design of advanced soft and tough materials along this line.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9020158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T01:32:56Z","timestamp":1676597576000},"page":"158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Enhanced Rupture Force in a Cut-Dispersed Double-Network Hydrogel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2052-5077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shilei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongdong","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science & Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science & Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science & Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fengbo","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science & Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5023-4487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanan","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science & Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9445-1229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science & Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science & Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4309","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c01088","article-title":"Soft Materials by Design: Unconventional Polymer Networks Give Extreme Properties","volume":"121","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. 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