{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T09:52:05Z","timestamp":1790502725092,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]],"date-time":"2023-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2022M3E5E9018583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M3E5E9018583"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2020R1C1C1003903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1C1C1003903"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Korean Government (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022M3E5E9018583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M3E5E9018583"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Korean Government (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1C1C1003903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1C1C1003903"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conductive hydrogels are promising materials in bioelectronics that ensure a tissue-like soft modulus and re-enact the electrophysiological function of damaged tissues. However, recent approaches to fabricating conductive hydrogels have proved difficult: fixing of the conductive hydrogels on the target tissues hydrogels requires the aids from other medical glues because of their weak tissue-adhesiveness. In this study, an intrinsically conductive and tissue-adhesive granular hydrogel consisting of a PEDOT:PSS conducting polymer and an adhesive catechol-conjugated alginate polymer was fabricated via an electrohydrodynamic spraying method. Because alginate-based polymers can be crosslinked by calcium ions, alginate-catechol polymers mixed with PEDOT:PSS granular hydrogels (ACP) were easily fabricated. The fabricated ACP exhibited not only adhesive and shear-thinning properties but also conductivity similar to that of muscle tissue. Additionally, the granular structure makes the hydrogel injectable through a syringe, enabling on-tissue printing. This multifunctional granular hydrogel can be applied to soft and flexible electronics to connect humans and machines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9020167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T02:02:09Z","timestamp":1676858529000},"page":"167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Conductive and Adhesive Granular Alginate Hydrogels for On-Tissue Writable Bioelectronics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9519-691X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumin","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heewon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3772-8009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donghee","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Superintelligence Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7990-5210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikyung","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2745","article-title":"Dissolvable films of silk fibroin for ultrathin conformal bio-integrated electronics","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. 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