{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:43:43Z","timestamp":1787028223281,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FAR GRANT University of Chieti\u2013Pescara Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to test a photodynamic protocol based on a gel containing aminolevulinic acid followed by red-LED (ALAD-PDT) irradiation on human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) and osteoblasts (hOBs) cultured on a porcine acellular dermal matrix membrane (PADMM). In the previous literature, ALAD-PDT showed solid antibacterial activity and proliferative induction on HGFs cultured on plates and HOBs cultured on a cortical lamina. PADMMs are used in dentistry and periodontology to treat gingival recessions and to increase the tissue thickness in the case of a thin biotype without the risks or postoperative discomfort associated with connective tissue grafts. However, one of the possible complications in this type of surgery is represented by bacterial invasion and membrane exposition during the healing period. We hypothesized that the addition of ALAD-PDT to PADMMs could enhance more rapid healing and decrease the risks connected with bacterial invasion. In periodontal surgery, PADMMs are inserted after a full-thickness flap elevation between the bone and the flap. Consequently, all procedures were performed in parallel on hOBs and hGFs obtained by dental patients. The group control (CTRL) was represented by the unexposed cells cultured on the membranes, group LED (PDT) were the cells subjected to 7 min of red LED irradiation, and ALAD-PDT were the cells subjected to 45 min of ALAD incubation and then to 7 min of red LED irradiation. After treatments, all groups were analyzed for MTT assay and subjected to histological examination at 3 and 7 days and to the SEM observations at 3, 7, and 14 days. Different bone mineralization assays were performed to quantify the effects of ALAD-PDT on hOBs: ALP activity, ALP gene expression, osteocalcin, and alizarin red. The effects of ALAD-PDT on hGFs were evaluated by quantifying collagen 1, fibronectin, and MMP-8. Results showed that ALAD-PDT promoted cellular induction, forming a dense cellular network on hOBs and hGFs, and the assays performed showed statistically significantly higher values for ALAD-PDT with respect to LED alone and CTRLs. In conclusion, ALAD-PDT could represent a promising aid for enhancing the healing of gingival tissues after PADMM applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9070584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T01:58:38Z","timestamp":1689904718000},"page":"584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Photodynamic Therapy with Aminolevulinic Acid Enhances the Cellular Activity of Cells Cultured on Porcine Acellular Dermal Matrix Membranes Used in Periodontology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3849-4304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morena","family":"Petrini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2414-7130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emira","family":"D\u2019Amico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5886-2186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania Vanessa","family":"Pierfelice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6845-1321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gitana Maria","family":"Aceto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryia","family":"Karaban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Felice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriano","family":"Piattelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, 00131 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathologies and of the Critical Needs, School of Dentistry, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Complex Unit of Stomatology and Oral Surgery, University Hospital of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Iezzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(97)00076-6","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-Induced Protoporphyrin IX in Skin and Blood","volume":"40","author":"Rick","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. 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