{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T05:24:18Z","timestamp":1771305858131,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glucose oxidase (GOX) and catalase (CAT) were co-immobilized in silica\u2013calcium\u2013alginate hydrogels to degrade must glucose. The effect of the enzyme dose (1.2\u20132.4 U\/mL), the initial must pH (3.6\u20134.0), and the incubation temperature (10\u201320 \u00b0C) on the glucose consumption, gluconic acid concentration, pH, and color intensity of Verdejo must was studied by using a Box\u2013Behnken experimental design and comparing free and co-immobilized enzymes. A reduction of up to 37.3 g\/L of glucose was observed in co-immobilized enzyme-treated must, corresponding to a decrease in its potential alcohol strength of 2.0% vol. (v\/v), while achieving a slight decrease in its pH (between 0.28 and 0.60). This slight acidification was due to a significant reduction in the estimated gluconic acid found in the must (up to 73.7%), likely due to its accumulation inside the capsules. Regarding the operational stability of immobilized enzymes, a gradual reduction in glucose consumption was observed over eight consecutive cycles. Finally, co-immobilized enzymes showed enhanced efficiency over a reaction period of 48 h, with an 87.1% higher ratio of glucose consumed per enzyme dose in the second 24 h period compared with free enzymes. These findings provide valuable insights into the performance of GOX\u2013CAT co-immobilized to produce reduced-alcohol wines, mitigating excessive must acidification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9080622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T09:24:24Z","timestamp":1690881864000},"page":"622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Entrapment of Glucose Oxidase and Catalase in Silica\u2013Calcium\u2013Alginate Hydrogel Reduces the Release of Gluconic Acid in Must"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5204-1010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"del-Bosque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Tecnolog\u00eda de los Alimentos, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00edas Agrarias, Universidad de Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josefina","family":"Vila-Crespo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Microbiolog\u00eda, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00edas Agrarias, Universidad de Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Violeta","family":"Ruip\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Microbiolog\u00eda, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00edas Agrarias, Universidad de Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2699-7251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Encarnaci\u00f3n","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Tecnolog\u00eda de los Alimentos, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00edas Agrarias, Universidad de Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3255-852X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Nogales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Tecnolog\u00eda de los Alimentos, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00edas Agrarias, Universidad de Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Leeuwen, C., Destrac-Irvine, A., Dubernet, M., Duch\u00eane, E., Gowdy, M., Marguerit, E., Pieri, P., Parker, A., de Ress\u00e9guier, L., and Ollat, N. 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