{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T12:38:25Z","timestamp":1766579905050,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study describes novel solid substances founded on chitosan and TEGylated phenothiazine that have a high ability for hydrargyrum recovery from watery liquid solutions. These compounds were taken into account, consisting of two distinct entity interactions inside of the classic fractal dynamics conjecture of an \u201cinterface\u201d. They were assimilated through fractal-type mathematical objects and judged as such. The bi-stable behavior of two fractally connected objects was demonstrated both numerically and graphically. The fractal character was demonstrated by the fractal analysis made using SEM images of the xerogel compounds with interstitial fixed hydrargyrum. For the first time, SEM helped to verify such samples from two distinct bodies, with the multifractal parameter values being listed in continuation. The fractal dimension of the rectangular mask is D1 = 1.604 \u00b1 0.2798, the fractal dimension of the square mask is D2 = 1.596 \u00b1 0.0460, and the lacunarity is 0.0402.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9080670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T10:28:48Z","timestamp":1692354528000},"page":"670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mercury Bonding to Xerogel: The Interface Fractal Dynamics of the Interaction between Two Complex Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2088-7457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria-Alexandra","family":"Paun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division Radio Monitoring and Equipment, Section Market Access and Conformity, Federal Office of Communications (OFCOM), 2501 Bienne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir-Alexandru","family":"Paun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Five Rescue Research Laboratory, 75004 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3761-380X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viorel-Puiu","family":"Paun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, 50085 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7105","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CS00240H","article-title":"Fluorescent Chemosensors: The Past, Present and Future","volume":"46","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"227","article-title":"Toxic Mechanisms of Five Heavy Metals: Mercury, Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, and Arsenic","volume":"12","author":"Naseri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7643-8340-4_6","article-title":"Heavy Metal Toxicity and the Environment","volume":"Volume 101","author":"Tchounwou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology: Volume 3: Environmental Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.03.031","article-title":"A Review on Various Electrochemical Techniques for Heavy Metal Ions Detection with Different Sensing Platforms","volume":"94","author":"Bansod","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65359-5","article-title":"Levels of Heavy Metals in Wastewater and Soil Samples from Open Drainage Channels in Nairobi, Kenya: Community Health Implication","volume":"10","author":"Kinuthia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2023, March 11). New Limits for Heavy Metals in Food Supplements. Available online: https:\/\/www.gmp-compliance.org\/gmp-news\/new-limits-for-heavy-metals-in-food-supplements."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cibotaru, S., Ailincai, D., Andreica, B.I., Cheng, X., and Marin, L. (2022). TEGylated Phenothiazine-Imine-Chitosan Materials as a Promising Framework for Mercury Recovery. Gels, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8110692"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-011-0427-0","article-title":"Integrating Experimental (In Vitro and In Vivo) Neurotoxicity Studies of Low-Dose Thimerosal Relevant to Vaccines","volume":"36","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3433","DOI":"10.1021\/cr100383r","article-title":"Recent Trends in Macro-, Micro-, and Nanomaterial-Based Tools and Strategies for Heavy-Metal Detection","volume":"111","author":"Aragay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135253","article-title":"Mechanistic Study of Hg(II) Interaction with Three Different \u03b1-Aminophosphonate Adsorbents: Insights from Batch Experiments and Theoretical Calculations","volume":"304","author":"Fouda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2022.100731","article-title":"The Design of SnO2-Crosslinked-Chitosan Nanocomposite for Microwave-Assisted Adsorption of Aqueous Cadmium and Mercury Ions","volume":"28","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7037","DOI":"10.1007\/s11696-022-02385-9","article-title":"Novel Chitosan\u2013Naphthalimide\u2013Amino Acid Fluorescent Powder for Selective Detection and Removal of Hg2+\/Hg+ and Fe2+ in Aqueous Solution","volume":"76","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Pap."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2022.128467","article-title":"Efficient Hg(II) Removal to Ppb Level from Water in Wider PH Based on Poly-Cyanoguanidine\/Graphene Oxide: Preparation, Behaviors, and Mechanisms","volume":"641","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saenchoopa, A., Klangphukhiew, S., Somsub, R., Talodthaisong, C., Patramanon, R., Daduang, J., Daduang, S., and Kulchat, S. (2021). A Disposable Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes Modified with Silver Nanowires\/HPMC\/Chitosan\/Urease for the Detection of Mercury (II) in Water. Biosensors, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11100351"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michailidou, G., Koumentakou, I., Liakos, E.V., Lazaridou, M., Lambropoulou, D.A., Bikiaris, D.N., and Kyzas, G.Z. (2021). Adsorption of Uranium, Mercury, and Rare Earth Elements from Aqueous Solutions onto Magnetic Chitosan Adsorbents: A Review. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13183137"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Mandelbrot, B.B. (1977). Fractal Geometry of Nature, Freeman."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88434","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2992937","article-title":"Image Clustering Algorithms to Identify Complicated Cerebral Diseases. Description and Comparison","volume":"8","author":"Nichita","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(92)90066-R","article-title":"An efficient approach to estimate Fractal Dimension of textural images","volume":"25","author":"Sarkar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Ieva, A. (2016). The Fractal Geometry of the Brain, Springer Science+Business Media. Chapter 2.","DOI":"10.15761\/FGNAMB.1000138"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Karperien, A., Jelinek, H.F., and Milo\u0161evic, N.T. (July, January 28). Reviewing Lacunarity Analysis and Classification of Microglia in Neuroscience. Proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Mathematical and Theoretical Biology, Krak\u00f3w, Poland. 6p."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"273","article-title":"Fractal analysis of brain glial cells. Fractals dimension and lacunarity","volume":"81","author":"Nichita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Univ. Politeh. Buchar. Sci. Bull. Ser. A Appl. Math. Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"309","article-title":"Fractal analysis of Neuroimagistic. Lacunarity degree, a precious indicator in the detection of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"80","author":"Bordescu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Univ. Politeh. Buchar. Sci. Bull. Ser. A Appl. Math. Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2018.02.006","article-title":"Fractal dimension and lacunarity analysis of retinal microvascular morphology in hypertension and diabetes","volume":"118","author":"Popovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"313","article-title":"New Way in Fractal Analysis of Pulmonary Medical Images","volume":"80","author":"Postolache","year":"2018","journal-title":"Univ. Politeh. Buchar. Sci. Bull. Ser. A Appl. Math. Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/17486700903029280","article-title":"Fractal Pharmacokinetics","volume":"11","author":"Pereira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Math. Methods Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-011-9657-3","article-title":"How Succolarity could be used as another fractal measure in image analysis","volume":"52","author":"Conci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Telecommun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.124198","article-title":"Fractal dimension, lacunarity and succolarity analyses on CT images of reservoir rocks for permeability prediction","volume":"579","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paun, M.A., Postolache, P., Nichita, M.V., Paun, V.A., and Paun, V.P. (2023). Fractal Analysis in Pulmonary CT Images of COVID-19-Infected Patients. Fractal Fract., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/fractalfract7040285"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paun, M.-A., Paun, V.-A., and Paun, V.-P. (2022). A Multifractal Vision of 5-Fluorouracil Release from Chitosan-Based Matrix. Gels, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8100661"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paun, M.-A., Nichita, M.-V., Paun, V.-A., and Paun, V.-P. (2022). Xerogels Morphology Details by Multifractal Analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy Images Evaluations of 5-Fluorouracil Release from Chitosan-Based Matrix. Gels, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8120820"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lungu, R., Paun, M.-A., Peptanariu, D., Ailincai, D., Marin, L., Nichita, M.-V., Paun, V.-A., and Paun, V.-P. (2022). Biocompatible Chitosan-Based Hydrogels for Bioabsorbable Wound Dressings. Gels, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8020107"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Qi, X., Chen, Y., Wang, L., Li, Z., Sun, J., and Jia, J. (2022, January 21\u201324). Voxel field fusion for 3d object detection. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, New Orleans, LA, USA. 13p.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00119"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.202100068","article-title":"Thiomers of Chitosan and Cellulose: Effective Biosorbents for Detection, Removal and Recovery of Metal Ions from Aqueous Medium","volume":"21","author":"Seidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Rec."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-010-0332-8","article-title":"Sol\u2013gel-processed silica\/polydimethylsiloxane\/calcium xerogels as polymeric matrices for Metronidazole delivery system","volume":"66","author":"Czarnobaj","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026614666141229112734","article-title":"Sol-gel encapsulation of biomolecules and cells for medicinal applications","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Top. Med. Chem."}],"container-title":["Gels"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/9\/8\/670\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:36:36Z","timestamp":1760128596000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/9\/8\/670"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["gels9080670"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/gels9080670","relation":{},"ISSN":["2310-2861"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2310-2861"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]}}}