{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:44:25Z","timestamp":1791582265470,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal Ministry Republic of Austria Climate Action, Environment, Energy, Mobility, Innovation and Technology (BMK)","award":["881059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["881059"]}]},{"name":"Federal Ministry Republic of Austria Climate Action, Environment, Energy, Mobility, Innovation and Technology (BMK)","award":["874472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["874472"]}]},{"name":"Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG)","award":["881059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["881059"]}]},{"name":"Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG)","award":["874472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["874472"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The versatility of sol\u2013gel systems makes them ideal for functional coatings in industry. However, existing coatings are either too thin or take too long to cure. To address these issues, this paper proposes using an atmospheric pressure plasma source to fully cure and functionalize thicker sol\u2013gel coatings in a single step. The study explores coating various substrates with sol\u2013gel layers to make them scratch-resistant, antibacterial, and antiadhesive. Microparticles like copper, zinc, or copper flakes are added to achieve antibacterial effects. The sol\u2013gel system can be sprayed on and quickly functionalized on the substrate. The study focuses on introducing and anchoring particles in the sol\u2013gel layer to achieve an excellent antibacterial effect by changing the penetration depth. Overall, this method offers a more efficient and effective approach to sol\u2013gel coatings for industrial applications. In order to achieve a layer thickness of more than 100 \u00b5m, the second part of the study proposes a multilayer system comprising 15 to 30 \u00b5m thick monolayers that can be modified by introducing fillers (such as TiO2) or scratch-resistant chemicals like titanium isopropoxide. This system also allows for individual plasma functionalization of each sol\u2013gel layer. For instance, the top layer can be introduced with antibacterial particles, while another layer can be enhanced with fillers to increase wear resistance. The study reveals the varying antibacterial effects of spherical particles versus flat flakes and the different scratch hardnesses induced by changes in pH, number of layers, and particle introduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9090675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T09:10:56Z","timestamp":1692695456000},"page":"675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Single- and Multilayer Build-Up of an Antibacterial Temperature- and UV-Curing Sol\u2013Gel System with Atmospheric Pressure Plasma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Chwatal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, MATERIALS-Institut f\u00fcr Oberfl\u00e4chentechnologien und Photonik, Leobner Strasse 94a, 8712 Niklasdorf, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6838-1047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"P\u00f6lzl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic & Research Institute for Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6\/III, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8472-2155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clemens","family":"Kittinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic & Research Institute for Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6\/III, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen Markus","family":"Lackner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, MATERIALS-Institut f\u00fcr Oberfl\u00e4chentechnologien und Photonik, Leobner Strasse 94a, 8712 Niklasdorf, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5562-9744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Coclite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16\/III, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Waldhauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, MATERIALS-Institut f\u00fcr Oberfl\u00e4chentechnologien und Photonik, Leobner Strasse 94a, 8712 Niklasdorf, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2014.07.020","article-title":"Influence of formulation and application parameters on the performances of a sol\u2013gel\/clay nanocomposite on the corrosion resistance of hot-dip galvanized steel. 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