{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T16:27:13Z","timestamp":1788971233973,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Khalid University","award":["RGP.2\/198\/44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP.2\/198\/44"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biopolymers are organic polymers that can be treated into intricate designs with porous characteristics that mimic essential biologic components. Due to their superior biosafety, biodegradability, biocompatibility, etc., they have been utilized immensely in biomedical engineering, regeneration, and drug delivery. To obtain the greatest number of results, a literature search was undertaken in scientific search engines utilizing keywords. Chitosan is used in a variety of medical sectors, with the goal of emphasizing its applications and benefits in the clinical dental industry. Chitosan can be dissolved in liquid form and combined with other substances to create a variety of products, including fibers, hydrogels, membranes, microspheres, resins, sponges, pastes, tablets, and micro granules. Chitosan has been studied in a variety of dental applications. Chitosan is used in the prevention of caries and wear, in pulpotomy to accelerate osteogenesis in guided tissue regeneration due to its hemostatic property, and primarily to benefit from its antimicrobial activity by adding it to materials, such as glass ionomer cement, calcium hydroxide, and adhesive systems. With its antibacterial activity and biocompatibility, chitosan is leading the pack as a promising ingredient in the production of dental materials. The current review provides an update on the background, fundamentals, and wide range of uses of chitosan and its gels in dental science.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9090698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T10:50:36Z","timestamp":1693306236000},"page":"698","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Role of Chitosan Hydrogels in Clinical Dentistry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Suraj","family":"Arora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9506-6456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gotam","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alqarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7492-0676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishakha","family":"Grover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dr. H. S. J. Institute of Dental Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9729-883X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suheel","family":"Manzoor Baba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyanka","family":"Saluja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6658-5123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed Awod Bin","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anshad M.","family":"Abdulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4687-8620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shashit Shetty","family":"Bavabeedu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahabe Saquib","family":"Abullais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Periodontics, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Deemed to be University, Wardha 442001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gurparkash Singh","family":"Chahal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dr. H. S. J. Institute of Dental Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anchal","family":"Ohri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dr. H. S. J. Institute of Dental Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Jayakumar, R., Prabaharan, M., and Muzzarelli, R.A.A. (2011). Advances in Polymer Science, Springer."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587658","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.587658","article-title":"Recent advances of chitosan-based injectable hydrogels for bone and dental tissue regeneration","volume":"8","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.3390\/md13031133","article-title":"Chitin and chitosan preparation from marine sources. Structure, properties and applications","volume":"13","author":"Younes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-010715-023933","article-title":"Biosynthesis, turnover, and functions of chitin in insects","volume":"61","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2011.04.014","article-title":"The cellular basis of chitin synthesis in fungi and insects: Common principles and differences","volume":"90","author":"Merzendorfer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.20123","article-title":"Estimate of chitin in raw whole insects","volume":"26","author":"Finke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Zoo Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.74.2.222-224.1957","article-title":"Quantitative estimation of chitin in fungi","volume":"74","author":"Blumenthal","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.3390\/ma4081417","article-title":"Preparation of chitin nanofibers from mushrooms","volume":"4","author":"Ifuku","year":"2011","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2011.03.040","article-title":"A new method for the quantification of chitin and chitosan in edible mushrooms","volume":"346","author":"Nitschke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"2019","article-title":"Evaluation of chitosan hydrogel for sustained delivery of VEGF for odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2019.01.018","article-title":"Design and characterization of a chitosan-enriched fibrin hydrogel for human dental pulp regeneration","volume":"35","author":"Ducret","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.4103\/INPC.INPC_2_19","article-title":"Chitosan hydrogel: Its applications in medicine and dentistry","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Clin. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"2021","article-title":"Physical and biological properties of a chitosan hydrogel scaffold associated to photobiomodulation therapy for dental pulp regeneration: An in vitro and in vivo study","volume":"27","author":"Moreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Zhang, Y., and Zhou, Y. (2022). Application progress of modified chitosan and its composite biomaterials for bone tissue engineering. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126574"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, W., Zhang, S., Xie, C., Wan, X., Li, X., Chen, K., and Zhao, G. (2022). Preparation of High Mechanical Strength Chitosan Nanofiber\/NanoSiO2\/PVA Composite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering Using Sol\u2013Gel Method. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14102083"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thambiliyagodage, C., Jayanetti, M., Mendis, A., Ekanayake, G., Liyanaarachchi, H., and Vigneswaran, S. (2023). Recent Advances in Chitosan-Based Applications\u2014A Review. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16052073"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Jayakumar, R., Prabaharan, M., and Muzzarelli, R.A.A. (2011). Advances in Polymer Science, Springer."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.1270","article-title":"Evaluation of the biocompatibility of a chitosan scaffold in mice","volume":"59","author":"VandeVord","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35936","article-title":"Preparation and biocompatibility evaluation of pectin and chitosan cryogels for biomedical application","volume":"105","author":"Konovalova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2022.12.009","article-title":"Encapsulation of human endometrial stem cells in chitosan hydrogel containing titanium oxide nanoparticles for dental pulp repair and tissue regeneration in male Wistar rats","volume":"135","author":"Hoveizi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"91","article-title":"Algunos usos del quitosano en sistemas acuosos","volume":"4","author":"Velasquez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Pol\u00edmeros"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16538-3_2","article-title":"Fundamentals and Applications of Chitosan","volume":"35","author":"Nadia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. Agric. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Parhi, B., Bharatiya, D., Purohit, S.S., and Swain, S.K. (2023). Chitosan Nanocomposites: Bionanomechanical Applications, Springer Nature."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13882","article-title":"The development of a dental light curable PRFe-loaded hydrogel as a potential scaffold for pulp-dentine complex regeneration: An in vitro study","volume":"56","author":"Noohi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leite, Y.K., Oliveira, A.C., Quelemes, P.V., Neto, N.M., Carvalho, C.E., Rodrigues, H.W.S., Alves, M.M., Carvalho, F.A., Arcanjo, D.D., and Silva-Filho, E.C. (2023). Novel Scaffold Based on Chitosan Hydrogels\/Phthalated Cashew Gum for Supporting Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16020266"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.073","article-title":"Preparation and application of chitosan biomaterials in dentistry","volume":"167","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Celesti, C., Iannazzo, D., Espro, C., Visco, A., Legnani, L., Veltri, L., Visalli, G., Di Pietro, A., Bottino, P., and Chiacchio, M.A. (2022). Chitosan\/POSS Hybrid Hydrogels for Bone Tissue Engineering. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15228208"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"151","article-title":"Chitosan chemistry: Relevance to the biomedical sciences","volume":"186","author":"Muzzarelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Polysacch. I Struct. Charact. Use"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Muzzarelli, R.A.A., and Muzzarelli, C. (2009). Handbook of Hydrocolloids, Woodhead Publishing. [2nd ed.]. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"203","article-title":"Functional Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan","volume":"3","author":"Aranaz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00183-6","article-title":"Influence of the degree of acetylation on some biological properties of chitosan films","volume":"22","author":"Chatelet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632698","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/632698","article-title":"Antifungal Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles and Correlation with Their Physical Properties","volume":"2012","author":"Ing","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"252","article-title":"A Review on Application of Chitosan as a Natural Antimicrobial, World Academy of Science","volume":"50","author":"Hafdani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.70808","article-title":"Chitosan-based polyherbal toothpaste: As novel oral hygiene product","volume":"21","author":"Mohire","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"13","article-title":"Chitosan as an oral antimicrobial agent","volume":"2012","author":"Stamford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Formatex"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.01.059","article-title":"Antimicrobial electrospun membranes of chitosan\/poly(ethylene oxide) incorporating poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) hydrochloride","volume":"94","author":"Dilamian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1176","article-title":"Chitosan: A potential biomaterial effective against typhoid","volume":"87","author":"Yadav","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"147","article-title":"Towards Bioactive Dental Restorative Materials with Chitosan and Nanodiamonds: Evaluation and Application","volume":"2","author":"Grobler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2012.12.009","article-title":"Chitosan-based biomaterials for tissue engineering","volume":"49","author":"Croisier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2005.08.021","article-title":"Preparation and biocompatibility of chitosan microcarriers as biomaterial","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"205","article-title":"Chitosan-properties and applications in dentistry","volume":"2","author":"Kmiec","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. Open Access"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2012.08.005","article-title":"Efficacy of the stannous ion and a biopolymer in toothpastes on enamel erosion\/abrasion","volume":"40","author":"Ganss","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-1971","article-title":"Role of Chitosan in Remineralization of Enamel and Dentin: A Systematic Review","volume":"14","author":"Nimbeni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1159\/000351654","article-title":"Randomised in situ study on the efficacy of a chitin\/chitosan toothpaste on erosive-abrasive enamel loss","volume":"47","author":"Schlueter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2174\/2542579X01666190212150457","article-title":"Chitosan\/fluoride nanoparticles for preventing dental caries","volume":"1","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2019.05.032","article-title":"Application of biosurfactants and chitosan in toothpaste formulation","volume":"181","author":"Resende","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12510","article-title":"Chitosan-triclosan particles modulate inflammatory signaling in gingival fibroblasts","volume":"53","author":"Pavez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.21-0496","article-title":"Treatment of residual pockets using an oscillating chitosan device versus regular curettes alone\u2014A randomized, feasibility parallel-arm clinical trial","volume":"93","author":"Hussain","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0722.2003.00025.x","article-title":"Comparision of antiadhesive and antibacterial effects of antiseptics on Streptococcus sanguinis","volume":"111","author":"Decker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.10.026","article-title":"Mucoadhesive electrospun chitosan-based nanofiber mats for dental caries prevention","volume":"6","author":"Samprasit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.30588","article-title":"Chitosan monomer promotes tissue regeneration on dental pulp wounds","volume":"76","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33342","article-title":"Physicomechanical and antibacterial properties of experimental resin-based dental sealants modified with nylon-6 and chitosan nanofibers","volume":"103","author":"Hamilton","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(99)00143-X","article-title":"Platelet derived growth factor releasing chitosan sponge for periodontal bone regeneration","volume":"21","author":"Park","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1","article-title":"Efficacy of chitosan and absorbable gelatin sponge on hemostasis and wound healing following tooth extraction \u201cA Comparative Study\u201d","volume":"58","author":"ElShiha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Egypt. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2007.12.023","article-title":"Hemostatic of oral surgery wounds with the HemCon dental dressing","volume":"66","author":"Malmquist","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.4322\/rbeb.2013.002","article-title":"A quitosanacomo biomaterial odontol\u00f3gico: Estado da arte","volume":"29","author":"Tavaria","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Eng. Biom\u00e9dica"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-475x.2001.00513.x","article-title":"Acceleration of wound contraction and healing with a photocrosslinkable chitosan hydrogel","volume":"9","author":"Ishihara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00189-2","article-title":"Photocrosslinkable chitosan as a dressing for wound occlusion and accelerator in healing process","volume":"23","author":"Ishihara","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohabatpour, F., Yazdanpanah, Z., Papagerakis, S., Chen, X., and Papagerakis, P. (2022). Self-crosslinkable oxidized alginate-carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogels as an injectable cell carrier for in vitro dental enamel regeneration. J. Funct. Biomater., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb13020071"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1039\/D2BM02049A","article-title":"A natural polyphenol-functionalized chitosan\/gelatin sponge for accelerating hemostasis and infected wound healing","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.09.012","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties of chitosan and mode of action: A state of the art review","volume":"144","author":"Kong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Micro."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S., Kim, H., Choi, K.S., Ji, M.-K., Kim, S., Gwon, Y., Park, C., Kim, J., and Lim, H.-P. (2020). Graphene\u2013Chitosan Hybrid Dental Implants with Enhanced Antibacterial and Cell-Proliferation Properties. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10144888"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicci\u00f9, M., Fiorillo, L., and Cervino, G. (2019). Chitosan Use in Dentistry: A Systematic Review of Recent Clinical Studies. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17070417"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharifianjazi, F., Khaksar, S., Esmaeilkhanian, A., Bazli, L., Eskandarinezhad, S., Salahshour, P., Sadeghi, F., Rostamnia, S., and Vahdat, S.M. (2022). Advancements in fabrication and application of chitosan composites in implants and dentistry: A review. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12020155"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2022.02.006","article-title":"Chitosan and its application in dental implantology","volume":"123","author":"Hallmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Stomatol. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASW.0000723128.58588.b5","article-title":"The Effect of Chitosan in Wound Healing: A Systematic Review","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Ski. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7821","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c20848","article-title":"Injectable Double-Network Hydrogel-Based Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Systems for Regenerating Dental Pulp","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"e23318","article-title":"Efficacy of Chitosan and Chlorhexidine Mouthwash on Dental Plaque and Gingival Inflammation: A Systematic Review","volume":"14","author":"Pandiyan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Valverde, N., L\u00f3pez-Valverde, A., and Ram\u00edrez, J.M. (2021). Systematic review of effectiveness of chitosan as a biofunctionalizer of titanium implants. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10020102"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtadv.2022.100252","article-title":"Harnessing chitosan and poly-(\u03b3-glutamic acid)-based biomaterials towards cancer immunotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Lima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mat. Today Adv."}],"container-title":["Gels"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/9\/9\/698\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:41:55Z","timestamp":1760128915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/9\/9\/698"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["gels9090698"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/gels9090698","relation":{},"ISSN":["2310-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2310-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]}}}