{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:36:29Z","timestamp":1787168189490,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sapienza University of Rome","award":["RM12117A8B3B9A9E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM12117A8B3B9A9E"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, there has been an open debate on proper sun exposure to reduce the risk of developing skin cancer. The mainly encountered issue is that general guidelines for UV radiation exposure could not be effective for all skin types. The implementation of customized guidelines requires a method by which to measure the UV dose as a result of daily exposure to sunlight, ideally with an inexpensive, easy-to-read sensor. In this work, we present the characterization of nanocomposite hydrogel materials acting as colorimetric sensors upon exposure to UV light. The sensor was prepared using a poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) hydrogel matrix in which TiO2 nanoparticles and methylene blue (MB) were integrated. Raman mapping was used to determine the network structure of the hydrogel and its water distribution. The TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed in the PAA matrix maintain their photoactivity and catalyze a reaction by which methylene blue is converted into leuko-methylene. The conversion causes a discoloration effect that is visible to the naked eye and can therefore be used as an indicator of UV radiation exposure. Moreover, it was possible to tune the discoloration rate to the limit exposure of each skin type, simply by changing the ratio of titanium dioxide to dye. We obtained a response time ranging from 30 min to 1.5 h. Future work will be dedicated to the possibility of scaling up this range and to improve the sensor wearability; however, our study paves the way to the realisation of sensors suitable for public use, which could help us find a solution to the challenge of balancing sufficient UV exposure to prevent Vitamin D deficiency with excessive UV exposure that could ultimately cause skin cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9100797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T11:58:57Z","timestamp":1696420737000},"page":"797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Colorimetric Sensors Based on Poly(acrylic Acid)\/TiO2 Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Monitoring UV Radiation Exposure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9564-4172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabina","family":"Botti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fusion and Technologies for Nuclear Safety and Security Department, Photonics Micro- and Nano-Structures Laboratory, ENEA C.R. Frascati, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0283-9737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Bonfigli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fusion and Technologies for Nuclear Safety and Security Department, Photonics Micro- and Nano-Structures Laboratory, ENEA C.R. Frascati, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2200-8145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosaria","family":"D\u2019Amato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fusion and Technologies for Nuclear Safety and Security Department, Photonics Micro- and Nano-Structures Laboratory, ENEA C.R. Frascati, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmine","family":"Rodesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2736-8580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Gabriella","family":"Santonicola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.05.023","article-title":"Self-reported pigmentary phenotypes and race are significant but incomplete predictors of Fitzpatrick skin phototype in an ethnically diverse population","volume":"71","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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