{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T21:37:50Z","timestamp":1787953070187,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chiang Mai University"},{"name":"Graduate School, Chiang Mai University"},{"name":"Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to develop a film-forming gel containing honey aromatic water (HW) and royal jelly (RJ) for cosmetic applications as a facial peel-off mask. HW, which is industrial waste from the water-reduction process of honey, was sterilized by autoclaving and filtration through a 0.22 \u00b5m membrane. The film-forming gels were developed using various types of film-forming polymers, including polyvinyl alcohol (PVA 117), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). The gel formulations were characterized in terms of their external appearance, viscosity, pH, and drying time, whereas the films generated were characterized by a texture analyzer, microscopic investigation, Fourier transform infrared, and an X-ray diffractometer. The findings highlighted that HW has short storage shelf life due to microbial contamination. Sterilizations were required before further product development. The film-forming gel was created by using the combination of PVA 117, CMC, and HEC. HW and RJ were successfully incorporated into the film-forming gel. However, HW resulted in a decrease in the gel viscosity and mechanical properties of its film. Interestingly, the drying time was dramatically decreased, which would be more desirable for its use as a peel-off mask. Furthermore, incorporation of royal jelly enhanced the viscosity of the gels as well as improved the mechanical properties of the film. No effect on the chemical and crystal structure of the films was detected after the incorporation. Therefore, the film-forming gels containing HW and RJ, possessing aesthetic attributes that extended to both the gels themselves and the resultant films, were suitable for use as a peel-off mask.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9100816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T10:16:12Z","timestamp":1697192172000},"page":"816","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Development of Film-Forming Gel Formulations Containing Royal Jelly and Honey Aromatic Water for Cosmetic Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sirawut","family":"Thewanjutiwong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6798-3652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patcharin","family":"Phokasem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6416-2266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terd","family":"Disayathanoowat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Research Center of Deep Technology in Beekeeping and Bee Products for Sustainable Development Goals: SMART BEE SDGs, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3753-9005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saranya","family":"Juntrapirom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chulabhorn Royal Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Facilities by Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Phlu Ta Luang, Sattahip, Chon Buri 20180, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Watchara","family":"Kanjanakawinkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chulabhorn Royal Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Facilities by Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Phlu Ta Luang, Sattahip, Chon Buri 20180, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2868-7049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wantida","family":"Chaiyana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Research Center of Deep Technology in Beekeeping and Bee Products for Sustainable Development Goals: SMART BEE SDGs, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajps.2017.07.004","article-title":"Film forming systems for topical and transdermal drug delivery","volume":"12","author":"Kathe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J. 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