{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T19:10:21Z","timestamp":1780686621356,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DGAPA-UNAM: PAPIIT IN213821","award":["A1-S-9178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A1-S-9178"]}]},{"name":"DGAPA-UNAM: PAPIIT IN213821","award":["FA9550-1810255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-1810255"]}]},{"name":"AFOSR\u20143DNEUROGLIA","award":["A1-S-9178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A1-S-9178"]}]},{"name":"AFOSR\u20143DNEUROGLIA","award":["FA9550-1810255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-1810255"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is growing interest in the use of micro-sized hydrogels, including bioactive signals, as efficient platforms for tissue regeneration because they are able to mimic cell niche structure and selected functionalities. Herein, it is proposed to optimize bioactive composite microgels via electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA) to regenerate the dentin\u2013pulp complex. The addition of disodium phosphate (Na2HPO4) salts as mineral precursors triggered an in situ reaction with divalent ions in solution, thus promoting the encapsulation of different amounts of apatite-like phases. Morphological analysis via image analysis of optical images confirmed a narrow distribution of perfectly rounded particles, with an average diameter ranging from 223 \u00b1 18 \u03bcm to 502 \u00b1 64 \u03bcm as a function of mineral content and process parameters used. FTIR, TEM, and EDAX analyses confirmed the formation of calcium phosphates with a characteristic Ca\/P ratio close to 1.67 and a needle-like crystal shape. In vitro studies\u2014using dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in crown sections of natural teeth slices\u2014showed an increase in cell viability until 14 days, recording a decay of proliferation at 21 days, independent on the mineral amount, suggesting that differentiation is started, as confirmed by the increase of ALP activity at 14 days. In this view, mineralized microgels could be successfully used to support in vitro osteogenesis, working as an interesting model to study dental tissue regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9110846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T09:54:08Z","timestamp":1698227648000},"page":"846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Mineralized Microgels via Electrohydrodynamic Atomization: Optimization and In Vitro Model for Dentin\u2013Pulp Complex"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6366-3002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iriczalli","family":"Cruz-Maya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, Mostra d\u2019Oltremare Pad. 20, Viale J.F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Tissue Bioengineering Laboratory of DEPeI-FO, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8411-4421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosaria","family":"Altobelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, Mostra d\u2019Oltremare Pad. 20, Viale J.F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco Antonio","family":"Alvarez-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Bioengineering Laboratory of DEPeI-FO, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1546-3721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Guarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, Mostra d\u2019Oltremare Pad. 20, Viale J.F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2017.07.002","article-title":"Tissue Engineering: Dentin\u2014Pulp Complex Regeneration Approaches (A Review)","volume":"49","author":"Khoroushi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbass, M.M.S., El-Rashidy, A.A., Sadek, K.M., Moshy, S.E., Radwan, I.A., Rady, D., D\u00f6rfer, C.E., and Fawzy El-Sayed, K.M. (2020). Hydrogels and Dentin\u2013Pulp Complex Regeneration: From the Benchtop to Clinical Translation. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12122935"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rby007","article-title":"Smart Scaffolds in Tissue Regeneration","volume":"5","author":"Ahadian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Regen. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36981","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Printing of Extracellular Matrix (ECM)-Mimicking Scaffolds: A Critical Review of the Current ECM Materials","volume":"108","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chieruzzi, M., Pagano, S., Moretti, S., Pinna, R., Milia, E., Torre, L., and Eramo, S. (2016). Nanomaterials for Tissue Engineering In Dentistry. Nanomaterials, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano6070134"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.007","article-title":"Synergistic Effect of Sericin and Keratin in Gelatin Based Nanofibers for in Vitro Applications","volume":"190","author":"Vineis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.04.021","article-title":"Injectable Cellulose-Based Hydrogels as Nucleus Pulposus Replacements: Assessment of in Vitro Structural Stability, Ex Vivo Herniation Risk, and in Vivo Biocompatibility","volume":"96","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36699","article-title":"Highly Polydisperse Keratin Rich Nanofibers: Scaffold Design and in Vitro Characterization","volume":"107","author":"Guarino","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1039\/C9PY01021A","article-title":"Hydrogel Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering: The Importance of Polymer Choice","volume":"11","author":"Spicer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, A., Deng, S., Lai, J., Li, J., Chen, W., Varma, S.N., Zhang, J., Lei, C., Liu, C., and Huang, L. (2023). Hydrogels for Oral Tissue Engineering: Challenges and Opportunities. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28093946"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"58","article-title":"Present and Future of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds for Dentin-Pulp Complex Regeneration","volume":"13","author":"Moussa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afami, M.E., El Karim, I., About, I., Krasnodembskaya, A.D., Laverty, G., and Lundy, F.T. (2021). Multicomponent Peptide Hydrogels as an Innovative Platform for Cell-Based Tissue Engineering in the Dental Pulp. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13101575"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.01.032","article-title":"Nanofibrous Spongy Microspheres for the Delivery of Hypoxia-Primed Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells to Regenerate Vascularized Dental Pulp","volume":"33","author":"Kuang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"812547","article-title":"Odontogenic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Stimulated by the Calcium Phosphate Porous Granules","volume":"2011","author":"Nam","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, S., He, H., Li, B., and Hou, T. (2020). Hydrogel as a Biomaterial for Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10081511"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tozzi, G., De Mori, A., Oliveira, A., and Roldo, M. (2016). Composite Hydrogels for Bone Regeneration. Materials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9040267"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15811","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19968-x","article-title":"Injectable Nanoporous Microgels Generate Vascularized Constructs and Support Bone Regeneration in Critical-Sized Defects","volume":"12","author":"Patrick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Guarino, V., Ambrosio, L., and Bellini, D. (2009). Process for the Preparation of Microspheres Comprising Semisynthetic Polymers. (WO2009143947A1)."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"191","article-title":"Biodegradable Microparticles and Nanoparticles by Electrospraying Techniques","volume":"10","author":"Guarino","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomater. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Vizetto-Duarte, C., Moay, Z.K., Setyawati, M.I., Rakshit, M., Kathawala, M.H., and Ng, K.W. (2020). Composite Hydrogels in Three-Dimensional in Vitro Models. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00611"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renkler, N.Z., Cruz-Maya, I., Bonadies, I., and Guarino, V. (2022). Electro Fluid Dynamics: A Route to Design Polymers and Composites for Biomedical and Bio-Sustainable Applications. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14194249"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.3390\/ma6041285","article-title":"Alginate-Based Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine Applications","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Ngo, H., Guo, W., Pandey, A., Chang, J.-S., and Lee, D.-J. (2022). Biomass, Biofuels, and Biochemicals, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farshidfar, N., Iravani, S., and Varma, R.S. (2023). Alginate-Based Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Mar. Drugs, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/md21030189"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.08.095","article-title":"The Effect of Ionotropic Gelation Residence Time on Alginate Cross-Linking and Properties","volume":"155","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c05761","article-title":"Diffusion-Controlled Crystallization of Calcium Phosphate in a Hydrogel toward a Homogeneous Octacalcium Phosphate\/Agarose Composite","volume":"7","author":"Shin","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.011","article-title":"3D-Printed Bioactive and Biodegradable Hydrogel Scaffolds of Alginate\/Gelatin\/Cellulose Nanocrystals for Tissue Engineering","volume":"167","author":"Dutta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, T., and Lo, A.C.Y. (2021). Collagen\u2013Alginate Composite Hydrogel: Application in Tissue Engineering and Biomedical Sciences. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13111852"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.5310","article-title":"Design of Alginate Based Micro-gels via Electro Fluid Dynamics to Construct Microphysiological Cell Culture Systems","volume":"32","author":"Altobelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2016.09.002","article-title":"Micro- and Nanocarriers by Electrofludodynamic Technologies for Cell and Molecular Therapies","volume":"51","author":"Altobelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.01.019","article-title":"Experimental Investigation into Size and Sphericity of Alginate Micro-Beads Produced by Electrospraying Technique: Operational Condition Optimization","volume":"209","author":"Partovinia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.119330","article-title":"Bone-like Hydroxyapatite Anchored on Alginate Microspheres for Bone Regeneration","volume":"287","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2013.11.048","article-title":"Process Engineering of High Voltage Alginate Encapsulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"36","author":"Gryshkov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjche.2020.03.008","article-title":"Formation of Mono-Dispersed Droplets with Electric Periodic Dripping Regime in Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) Atomization","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expthermflusci.2019.04.009","article-title":"Visualization of Periodic Emission of Drops with Micro-Dripping Mode in Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) Atomization","volume":"105","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Therm. Fluid. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2019.02.005","article-title":"Experimental Investigation on the Deformation and Breakup of Charged Droplets in Dielectric Liquid Medium","volume":"114","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Multiph. Flow"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00201-5","article-title":"Ionically Crosslinked Alginate Hydrogels as Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering: Part 1. Structure, Gelation Rate and Mechanical Properties","volume":"22","author":"Kuo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.02.064","article-title":"Synthesis and Antimicrobial Properties of Zn-Mineralized Alginate Nanocomposites","volume":"165","author":"Malagurski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-973X.119215","article-title":"Synthesis Characterization and in Vitro Drug Release from Acrylamide and Sodium Alginate Based Superporous Hydrogel Devices","volume":"3","author":"Mishra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Investig."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2022.110500","article-title":"Al FTIR and Rheology Study of Alginate Samples: Effect of Radiation","volume":"202","author":"Mollah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-8842(96)00016-8","article-title":"The FTIR Spectroscopy and QXRD Studies of Calcium Phosphate Based Materials Produced from the Powder Precursors with Different CaP Ratios","volume":"23","author":"Paluszkiewicz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2022.103909","article-title":"Preparation and Evaluation of Osteoinductive Porous Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Granules Obtained from Eggshell for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, J., Kim, J.H., Shim, J.H., Hwang, N.S., and Heo, C.Y. (2019). Bioactive Calcium Phosphate Materials and Applications in Bone Regeneration. Biomater. Res., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-018-0149-3"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, X., Zhang, L., Zhou, Z., Luo, X., Wang, T., Zhao, X., Lu, B., Chen, F., and Zheng, L. (2022). Calcium Phosphate-Based Biomaterials for Bone Repair. J. Funct. Biomater., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb13040187"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtla.2021.101107","article-title":"Structure and Formation of Amorphous Calcium Phosphate and Its Role as Surface Layer of Nanocrystalline Apatite: Implications for Bone Mineralization","volume":"17","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materialia"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.05.017","article-title":"An Injectable Calcium Phosphate-Alginate Hydrogel-Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell Paste for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"31","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-1072","article-title":"Metabolic Flexibility Permits Mesenchymal Stem Cell Survival in an Ischemic Environment","volume":"26","author":"Mylotte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.3079","article-title":"Understanding and Leveraging Cell Metabolism to Enhance Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation Survival in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications","volume":"38","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.2006.12.2813","article-title":"Multilineage Differentiation Potential of Stem Cells Derived from Human Dental Pulp after Cryopreservation","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labedz-Maslowska, A., Bryniarska, N., Kubiak, A., Kaczmarzyk, T., Sekula-Stryjewska, M., Noga, S., Boruczkowski, D., Madeja, Z., and Zuba-Surma, E. (2020). Multilineage Differentiation Potential of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells\u2014Impact of 3D and Hypoxic Environment on Osteogenesis In Vitro. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176172"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2009.07.005","article-title":"Stem Cell Regulatory Gene Expression in Human Adult Dental Pulp and Periodontal Ligament Cells Undergoing Odontogenic\/Osteogenic Differentiation","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656588","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.656588","article-title":"Microenvironment Influences Odontogenic Mesenchymal Stem Cells Mediated Dental Pulp Regeneration","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.07.012","article-title":"Alginate\/Laponite Hydrogel Microspheres Co-Encapsulating Dental Pulp Stem Cells and VEGF for Endodontic Regeneration","volume":"113","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siew Ching, H., Thirumulu Ponnuraj, K., Luddin, N., Ab Rahman, I., and Nik Abdul Ghani, N.R. (2020). Early Odontogenic Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells Treated with Nanohydroxyapatite\u2013Silica\u2013Glass Ionomer Cement. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12092125"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, E.E.A., Beherei, H.H., El-Zawahry, M., Farrag, A.R.H., Kholoussi, N., Helwa, I., Mabrouk, M., and Abdel Aleem, A.K. (2022). Osteogenic Enhancement of Modular Ceramic Nanocomposites Impregnated with Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells: An Approach for Bone Repair and Regenerative Medicine. J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-022-00387-4"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Y.-C., Chan, Y.-H., Hsieh, S.-C., Lew, W.-Z., and Feng, S.-W. (2019). Comparing the Osteogenic Potentials and Bone Regeneration Capacities of Bone Marrow and Dental Pulp Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rabbit Calvarial Bone Defect Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20205015"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.2341\/22-023-L","article-title":"Effects of Bioactive Pulp-Capping Materials on Cell Viability, Differentiation, and Mineralization Behaviors of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells In Vitro","volume":"48","author":"Gungor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.E., Park, S., Lee, W.-S., Han, J., Lim, J.W., Jeong, S., Lee, M.C., Yang, W.-Y., Seonwoo, H., and Kim, B.M. (2021). Enhanced Osteogenesis of Dental Pulp Stem Cells In Vitro Induced by Chitosan\u2013PEG-Incorporated Calcium Phosphate Cement. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13142252"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.03.022","article-title":"Evaluation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Behavior on a Novel Nanobiocomposite Scaffold Prepared for Regenerative Endodontics","volume":"100","author":"Atila","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2022.03.006","article-title":"Nano-Hydroxyapatite-Incorporated Polycaprolactone Nanofibrous Scaffold as a Dentin Tissue Engineering-Based Strategy for Vital Pulp Therapy","volume":"38","author":"Anselmi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.07.046","article-title":"Gelling kinetics and in situ mineralization of alginate hydrogels: A correlative spatiotemporal characterization toolbox","volume":"44","author":"Mandaric","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."}],"container-title":["Gels"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/9\/11\/846\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:11:44Z","timestamp":1760130704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/9\/11\/846"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["gels9110846"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/gels9110846","relation":{},"ISSN":["2310-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2310-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]]}}}