{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:38:18Z","timestamp":1790681898153,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Romanian Ministry of Research and Innovation","award":["PN-III-P1-1.2-PCCDI-2017-0350\/01.03.2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P1-1.2-PCCDI-2017-0350\/01.03.2018"]}]},{"name":"Romanian Ministry of Research and Innovation","award":["PN-III-P4-ID-PCE-2020-0533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P4-ID-PCE-2020-0533"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006595","name":"Romanian Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PN-III-P1-1.2-PCCDI-2017-0350\/01.03.2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P1-1.2-PCCDI-2017-0350\/01.03.2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006595","name":"Romanian Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PN-III-P4-ID-PCE-2020-0533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P4-ID-PCE-2020-0533"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multifunctional materials based on carbon xerogel (CX) with embedded bismuth (Bi) and iron (Fe) nanoparticles are tested for ultrasensitive amperometric detection of lead cation (Pb2+) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The prepared CXBiFe-T nanocomposites were annealed at different pyrolysis temperatures (T, between 600 and 1050 \u00b0C) and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, N2 adsorption, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and electron microscopies (SEM\/EDX and TEM). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWV) performed at glassy carbon (GC) electrodes modified with chitosan (Chi)-CXBiFe-T evidenced that GC\/Chi-CXBiFe-1050 electrodes exhibit excellent analytical behavior for Pb2+ and H2O2 amperometric detection: high sensitivity for Pb2+ (9.2\u00b7105 \u00b5A\/\u00b5M) and outstanding limits of detection (97 fM, signal-to-noise ratio 3) for Pb2+, and remarkable for H2O2 (2.51 \u00b5M). The notable improvements were found to be favored by the increase in pyrolysis temperature. Multi-scale parameters such as (i) graphitization, densification of carbon support, and oxide nanoparticle reduction and purification were considered key aspects in the correlation between material properties and electrochemical response, followed by other effects such as (ii) average nanoparticle and Voronoi domain dimensions and (iii) average CXBiFe-T aggregate dimension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9110868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T12:53:32Z","timestamp":1698756812000},"page":"868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Ultrasensitive Electroanalytical Detection of Pb2+ and H2O2 Using Bi and Fe\u2014Based Nanoparticles Embedded into Porous Carbon Xerogel\u2014The Influence of Nanocomposite Pyrolysis Temperatures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6760-7320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihai M.","family":"Rusu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Chemistry, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4675-7602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen I.","family":"Fort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Applied Technologies, Institute of Research-Development-Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, \u201cBabes-Bolyai\u201d University, Fantanele 30, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, \u201cBabes-Bolyai\u201d University, Arany Janos 11, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Vulpoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanostructured Materials and Bio-Nano-Interfaces Center, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, \u201cBabes-Bolyai\u201d University, T. Laurean 42, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0360-016X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucian","family":"Barbu-Tudoran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron Microscopy Laboratory \u201cProf. C. Craciun\u201d, Faculty of Biology and Geology, \u201cBabes-Bolyai\u201d University, Clinicilor Str. 5\u20137, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Electron Microscopy Integrated Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6820-2491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Baia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Applied Technologies, Institute of Research-Development-Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, \u201cBabes-Bolyai\u201d University, Fantanele 30, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, \u201cBabes-Bolyai\u201d University, M. Kogalniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liviu C.","family":"Cotet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Applied Technologies, Institute of Research-Development-Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, \u201cBabes-Bolyai\u201d University, Fantanele 30, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, \u201cBabes-Bolyai\u201d University, Arany Janos 11, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3196-4868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucian","family":"Baia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Applied Technologies, Institute of Research-Development-Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, \u201cBabes-Bolyai\u201d University, Fantanele 30, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Nanostructured Materials and Bio-Nano-Interfaces Center, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, \u201cBabes-Bolyai\u201d University, T. Laurean 42, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Advanced Technologies, Faculty of Physics, \u201cBabes-Bolyai\u201d University, M. Kogalniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2011.08.028","article-title":"Porous Carbon-Supported Catalysts for Energy and Environmental Applications: A Short Review","volume":"178","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2011.11.006","article-title":"Nanostructured Carbon for Energy Storage and Conversion","volume":"1","author":"Candelaria","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Fort, C.I., and Pop, L.C. (2020). Advanced Nanostructures for Environmental Health, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"43","article-title":"Advances in the Development of Nanostructured Catalysts Based on Carbon Gels","volume":"218\u2013219","year":"2013","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2006.03.039","article-title":"Synthesis and Structural Characteristics of Carbon Aerogels with a High Content of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Pd","volume":"352","author":"Cotet","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amaral-Labat, G., Munhoz, M.G.C., Fonseca, B.C.d.S., Boss, A.F.N., de Almeida-Mattos, P., Braghiroli, F.L., Bouafif, H., Koubaa, A., Lenz e Silva, G.F.B., and Baldan, M.R. (2021). Xerogel-like Materials from Sustainable Sources: Properties and Electrochemical Performances. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14237977"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4367","DOI":"10.1021\/la991080r","article-title":"Catalytic Graphitization of Carbon Aerogels by Transition Metals","volume":"16","author":"Hanzawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpcs.2013.04.004","article-title":"One-Pot Synthesis of Fe, Co and Ni-Doped Carbon Xerogels and Their Magnetic Properties","volume":"74","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Solids"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2012.12.079","article-title":"Iron Doped Carbon Aerogel\u2014New Electrode Material for Electrocatalytic Reduction of H2O2","volume":"138","author":"Fort","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1021\/cm035110u","article-title":"Metal-Dispersed Xerogel-Based Composite Films for the Development of Interference Free Oxidase-Based Biosensors","volume":"16","author":"Armatas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.04.013","article-title":"A Review of Recent Advances in Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensors","volume":"41","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.03.088","article-title":"Electrocatalytic Detection of Dopamine at Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes-Iron (III) Oxide Nanoparticles Platform","volume":"148","author":"Adekunle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chircov, C., Grumezescu, A.M., and Holban, A.M. (2019). Magnetic Particles for Advanced Molecular Diagnosis. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12132158"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winkler, R., Ciria, M., Ahmad, M., Plank, H., and Marcuello, C. (2023). A Review of the Current State of Magnetic Force Microscopy to Unravel the Magnetic Properties of Nanomaterials Applied in Biological Systems and Future Directions for Quantum Technologies. Nanomaterials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13182585"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.05.124","article-title":"Bismuth Doped Carbon Xerogel Nanocomposite Incorporated in Chitosan Matrix for Ultrasensitive Voltammetric Detection of Pb(II) and Cd(II)","volume":"220","author":"Fort","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.04.103","article-title":"Insights into the Morphological and Structural Particularities of Highly Sensitive Porous Bismuth-Carbon Nanocomposites Based Electrochemical Sensors","volume":"268","author":"Rusu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200970017","article-title":"A Decade with Bismuth-Based Electrodes in Electroanalysis","volume":"22","author":"Prior","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fort, C.I., Rusu, M.M., Cotet, L.C., Vulpoi, A., Florea, I., Tuseau-Nenez, S., Baia, M., Baibarac, M., and Baia, L. (2021). Carbon Xerogel Nanostructures with Integrated Bi and Fe Components for Hydrogen Peroxide and Heavy Metal Detection. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26010117"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2021.18963","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Carbon Xerogel Based Composites for Electrochemical Sensing and Photocatalytic Degradation","volume":"21","author":"Fort","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927622000241","article-title":"Thermal Evolution of C\u2013Fe\u2013Bi Nanocomposite System: From Nanoparticle Formation to Heterogeneous Graphitization Stage","volume":"28","author":"Rusu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microsc. Microanal."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jurkiewicz, K., Pawlyta, M., and Burian, A. (2018). Structure of Carbon Materials Explored by Local Transmission Electron Microscopy and Global Powder Diffraction Probes. C J. Carbon Res., 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/c4040068"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075414","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.64.075414","article-title":"Resonant Raman Spectroscopy of Disordered, Amorphous, and Diamondlike Carbon","volume":"64","author":"Ferrari","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Th\u00e9ry, A., B\u00e9guin, F., Kocon, L., and Lillo-Rodenas, M. (2023, January 01). Influence of the Carbonisation Temperature on the Structural and Electrochemical Properties of Carbon Aerogels. 2016; Volume 4. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/237627830_Influence_of_the_carbonisation_temperature_on_the_structural_and_electrochemical_properties_of_carbon_aerogels."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2004.07.031","article-title":"The Cyclic Voltammetric Response of Electrochemically Heterogeneous Surfaces","volume":"574","author":"Davies","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Compton, R.G., and Banks, C.E. (2010). Understanding Voltammetry, Imperial College Press.","DOI":"10.1142\/p726"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Wang, J. (2006). Analytical Electrochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. Wiley Online Books."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214202","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.67.214202","article-title":"Structure and Electronic Properties of a Nongraphitic Disordered Carbon System and Its Heat-Treatment Effects","volume":"67","author":"Takai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67428","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA07267D","article-title":"Electrochemical Reduction of Hydrogen Peroxide by Nanostructured Hematite Modified Electrodes","volume":"6","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-015-0740-0","article-title":"Fe3C-Functionalized 3D Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Structures for Electrochemical Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.127550","article-title":"M-Nx (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) Doped Graphitic Nanocages with High Specific Surface Area for Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Detection of H2O2","volume":"305","author":"Sheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4672","DOI":"10.1021\/am3010434","article-title":"AlOOH-Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites: One-Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis and Their Enhanced Electrochemical Activity for Heavy Metal Ions","volume":"4","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2016.10.076","article-title":"Simultaneous Electrochemical Detection of Cd(II), Pb(II), As(III) and Hg(II) Ions Using Ruthenium(II)-Textured Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite","volume":"162","author":"Gumpu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talo.2020.100024","article-title":"Simultaneous Determination of Cd2+ and Pb2+ by an Electrochemical Sensor Based on Fe3O4\/Bi2O3\/C3N4 Nanocomposites","volume":"3","author":"Pu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta Open"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.02.106","article-title":"Synthesis of a Three-Dimensional (BiO)2CO3@single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite and Its Application for Ultrasensitive Detection of Trace Pb(II) and Cd(II) by Incorporating Nafion","volume":"288","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Bandosz, T.J. (2009). Carbon Materials for Catalysis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpcs.2011.12.007","article-title":"DC and AC Characterizations of Electrical Conducting Nanoporous Carbon Structures Based on Resorcinol-Formaldehyde","volume":"73","author":"Najeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Solids"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"285","article-title":"Electrical Properties of Partial Carbonized Nanoporous Resin Based on Resorcinol-Formaldehyde","volume":"27","author":"Najeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Transducers"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6102","DOI":"10.1021\/ac060582o","article-title":"Electroanalysis Using Macro-, Micro-, and Nanochemical Architectures on Electrode Surfaces. Bulk Surface Modification of Glassy Carbon Microspheres with Gold Nanoparticles and Their Electrical Wiring Using Carbon Nanotubes","volume":"78","author":"Dai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27020","DOI":"10.1021\/jp509841s","article-title":"Size-Dependent Phase Transformations in Bismuth Oxide Nanoparticles. II. Melting and Stability Diagram","volume":"118","author":"Guenther","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrysgro.2010.10.181","article-title":"Phase Equilibrium of Bi2O3\u2013Fe2O3 Pseudo-Binary System and Growth of BiFeO3 Single Crystal","volume":"318","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.201100032","article-title":"Mass Transport to Micro- and Nanoelectrodes and Their Arrays: A Review","volume":"12","author":"Henstridge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Rec."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17008","DOI":"10.1021\/jp076923z","article-title":"Voltammetry at Nanoparticle and Microparticle Modified Electrodes: Theory and Experiment","volume":"111","author":"Streeter","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aziz, S.B., Brza, M.A., Brevik, I., Hafiz, M.H., Asnawi, A.S.F.M., Yusof, Y.M., Abdulwahid, R.T., and Kadir, M.F.Z. (2020). Blending and Characteristics of Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitor Device Assembled from Plasticized Proton Ion Conducting Chitosan:Dextran:NH4PF6 Polymer Electrolytes. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12092103"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pele, K.G., Amaveda, H., Mora, M., Marcuello, C., Lostao, A., Alam\u00e1n-D\u00edez, P., P\u00e9rez-Huertas, S., \u00c1ngeles P\u00e9rez, M., Garc\u00eda-Aznar, J.M., and Garc\u00eda-Gareta, E. (2023). Hydrocolloids of Egg White and Gelatin as a Platform for Hydrogel-Based Tissue Engineering. Gels, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9060505"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1487434","article-title":"Raman Spectroscopic Investigations of Activated Carbon Materials","volume":"92","author":"Shimodaira","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: An Open-Source Platform for Biological-Image Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Frank, E., Hall, M.A., and Witten, I.H. (2017). Data Mining, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4110","DOI":"10.1021\/ac070046b","article-title":"General Theory of Cathodic and Anodic Stripping Voltammetry at Solid Electrodes: Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulations","volume":"79","author":"Chevallier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."}],"container-title":["Gels"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/9\/11\/868\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:14:40Z","timestamp":1760130880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/9\/11\/868"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["gels9110868"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/gels9110868","relation":{},"ISSN":["2310-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2310-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]}}}