{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T18:15:04Z","timestamp":1782152104522,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["IFKSUOR3-197-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFKSUOR3-197-4"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Postpartum infection of the uterus by pathogenic bacteria is exacerbated due to a lack of sufficient epidemiological studies and evidence-based therapeutics. Therefore, this study was planned to find the prevalence, risk factors, and drug-resistance profile of S. aureus and E. coli isolated from bovine endometritis and to evaluate the antibacterial potential of sodium alginate-based antibiotics and nanoparticles. The study revealed 34.21% S. aureus and 31.57% E. coli, whereas most of the assumed risk factors presented significant association in this study. S. aureus showed the highest resistance against fusidic acid (60%) and cefoxitin (50%), while the highest resistance in E. coli was found against fusidic acid (60%), gentamicin (60%), chloramphenicol (50%), and cefoxitin (50%). Tylosin coupled with MgO nanoparticles stabilized in sodium alginate gel (Tylo + MgO + gel) presented significantly lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against E. coli, showing 13.88 \u00b1 4.51 \u00b5g\/mL after 24 h incubation. On the other hand, gel-based preparations showed MIC as 31.25 \u00b1 0 \u00b5g\/mL (Tylo + gel + MgO) and 26.04 \u00b1 9.02 \u00b5g\/mL (Tylo + Gel) against S. aureus. Generally, the MICs of non-gel-based preparations were significantly higher against bacteria except ampicillin against S. aureus in this study. The toxicity analysis of MgO nanoparticles presented 20\u201380% mortality of snails against a wider range of 0.01 mg\/mL\u201310 mg\/mL. The histopathological parameters concluded MgO nanoparticles safe to use on off targets. The current study thus concludes the rise in antimicrobial resistance while the gel-based products appearing as effective antimicrobials with sufficient safety margins for off-targets. The study thus invites further investigation for the development of suitable and affordable modified therapeutics for better health and production of animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9120955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T02:55:32Z","timestamp":1701744932000},"page":"955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Recent Trends in S. aureus and E. coli-Based Endometritis, and the Therapeutic Evaluation of Sodium Alginate-Based Antibiotics and Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Muzammil","family":"Talib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"},{"name":"Department of Theriogenology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Ashir","family":"Nabeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theriogenology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2380-7419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahbaz Ul","family":"Haq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Salman","family":"Waqas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theriogenology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huma","family":"Jamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theriogenology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7618-3948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amjad Islam","family":"Aqib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afshan","family":"Muneer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalia","family":"Fouad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0981-7805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farid Shokry","family":"Ataya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2009.02.001","article-title":"Prevalence of endometritis during the postpartum period and its impact on subsequent reproductive performance in two Japanese dairy herds","volume":"116","author":"Gautam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Marek, E.R. (2011). 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