{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T11:13:08Z","timestamp":1777461188286,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,9]],"date-time":"2019-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Trichuris skrjabini has been determined in the current study and subsequently compared with closely related species by phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated datasets of mt amino acid sequences. The whole mt genome of T. skrjabini is circular and 14,011 bp in length. It consists of a total of 37 genes including 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNAs) genes, and two non-coding regions. The gene arrangement and contents were consistent with other members of the Trichuridae family including Trichuris suis, Trichuris trichiura, Trichuris ovis, and Trichuris discolor. Phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated datasets of amino acids of the 12 PCGs predicted the distinctiveness of Trichuris skrjabini as compared to other members of the Trichuridae family. Overall, our study supports the hypothesis that T. skrjabini is a distinct species. The provision of molecular data of whole mt genome of T. skrjabini delivers novel genetic markers for future studies of diagnostics, systematics, population genetics, and molecular epidemiology of T. skrjabini.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10060438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]],"date-time":"2019-06-10T03:16:51Z","timestamp":1560136611000},"page":"438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Characterization of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of a Whipworm Trichuris skrjabini (Nematoda: Trichuridae)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1245-3803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Awais Ali","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory for the Development of Veterinary Products, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Abu Bakr","family":"Shabbir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory for the Development of Veterinary Products, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ikram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical Genomics Lab, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mian Abdul","family":"Hafeez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunqun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory for the Development of Veterinary Products, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory for the Development of Veterinary Products, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caixian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory for the Development of Veterinary Products, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingrun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory for the Development of Veterinary Products, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mubashar","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory for the Development of Veterinary Products, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory for the Development of Veterinary Products, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60233-6","article-title":"Rescuing the bottom billion through control of neglected tropical diseases","volume":"373","author":"Hotez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-37","article-title":"Global numbers of infection and disease burden of soil transmitted helminth infections in 2010","volume":"7","author":"Pullan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.3.1.67","article-title":"Effects of a parasitic infection on cognitive functioning","volume":"3","author":"Sternberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68653-4","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminth infections: Ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm","volume":"367","author":"Bethony","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hotez, P.J., Savioli, L., and Fenwick, A. (2012). Neglected tropical diseases of the Middle East and North Africa: Review of their prevalence, distribution, and opportunities for control. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001475"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0275-z","article-title":"Molecular identification of Trichuris vulpis and Trichuris suis isolated from different hosts","volume":"100","author":"Cutillas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-2066-9","article-title":"Seasonal prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode parasites of sheep in Northern region of Nile Delta, Egypt","volume":"108","author":"Khalafalla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60332-2","article-title":"Trichuris and Trichuriasis in Humans","volume":"28","author":"Bundy","year":"1989","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385897-9.00004-5","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminths of humans in Southeast Asia-towards integrated control","volume":"74","author":"Jex","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.029","article-title":"Helminth parasites in pigs: New challenges in pig production and current research highlights","volume":"180","author":"Roepstorff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1995.1159","article-title":"Trichuris ovis and Trichuris globulosa: Morphological, biometrical, and genetic studies","volume":"81","author":"Cutillas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2434.1","article-title":"New Species of Trichuris (Nematoda: Trichuridae) from Akodon montensis Thomas, 1913, of the Paranaense Forest in Argentina","volume":"97","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-GE-552R.1","article-title":"A new species of Trichuris (Nematoda: Trichuridae) from Phyllotini rodents in Argentina","volume":"92","author":"Navone","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1280-1","article-title":"Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 and mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences of Trichuris skrjabini (Tricocephalida: Trichuridae)","volume":"104","author":"Ariza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(96)00019-8","article-title":"Characterization of Trichuris skrjabini by isoenzyme gel electrophoresis: Comparative study with Trichuris ovis","volume":"62","author":"Cutillas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(97)00131-8","article-title":"Mutation scanning methods for the analysis of parasite genes","volume":"27","author":"Gasser","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2683()22:6<1076::AID-ELPS1076>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Mutation scanning analysis of sequence heterogenity in the second internal transcribed spacer (rDNA) within some members of the Hypodontus macropi (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) complex","volume":"22","author":"Gasser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-437X(94)90073-6","article-title":"The evolution of mitochondrial DNA","volume":"4","author":"Saccone","year":"1994","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/27.8.1767","article-title":"Animal mitochondrial genomes","volume":"27","author":"Boore","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.02.020","article-title":"A specific PCR assay for the identification and differentiation of Schistosoma japonicum geographical isolates in mainland China based on analysis of mitochondrial genome sequences","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118201000168X","article-title":"Integrating molecular and morphological approaches for characterizing parasite cryptic species: Implications for parasitology","volume":"138","author":"Nadler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150802032990","article-title":"Testing the reliability of genetic methods of species identification via simulation","volume":"57","author":"Ross","year":"2008","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2019). International Helminth Genomes Consortium: Comparative genomics of the major parasitic worms. Nat. Genet., 51, 163\u2013174.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0262-1"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, G.H., Gasser, R.B., Su, A., Nejsum, P., Peng, L., Lin, R.Q., Li, M.W., Xu, M.J., and Zhu, X.Q. (2012). Clear genetic distinctiveness between human- and pig-derived trichuris based on analyses of mitochondrial datasets. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001539"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.11.033","article-title":"16S partial gene mitochondrial DNA and internal transcribed spacers ribosomal DNA as differential markers of Trichuris discolor populations","volume":"186","author":"Halajian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2014.52.1.9","article-title":"Occurrence and molecular identification of Anisakis dujardin, 1845 from marine fish in southern Makassar Strait, Indonesia","volume":"52","author":"Anshary","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2011.10.043","article-title":"Comparative analyses of the complete mitochondrial genomes of Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum from humans and pigs","volume":"492","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.2022","article-title":"Testing parasite \u201cintimacy\u201d: The whipworm Trichuris muris in the European house mouse hybrid zone","volume":"6","author":"Wasimuddin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2010.10.001","article-title":"Next-generation sequencing of the Trichinella murrelli mitochondrial genome allows comprehensive comparison of its divergence from the principal agent of human trichinellosis, Trichinella spiralis","volume":"11","author":"Webb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/157.2.621","article-title":"Trichinella spiralis mtDNA: A nematode mitochondrial genome that encodes a putative atp8 and normally structured tRNAs and has a gene arrangement relatable to those of coelomate metazoans","volume":"157","author":"Lavrov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr121","article-title":"MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods","volume":"28","author":"Tamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm573","article-title":"ARWEN: A program to detect tRNA genes in metazoan mitochondrial nucleotide sequences","volume":"24","author":"Laslett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00316-2","article-title":"The mitochondrial genomes of the human hookworms, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (Nematoda: Secernentea)","volume":"32","author":"Hu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010","article-title":"MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: Improvements in performance and usability","volume":"30","author":"Katoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.12.024","article-title":"Complete mitochondrial genomes of Gnathostoma nipponicum and Gnathostoma sp., and their comparison with other Gnathostoma species","volume":"48","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39248","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39248","article-title":"Mitochondrial phylogenomics yields strongly supported hypotheses for ascaridomorph nematodes","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.08.005","article-title":"Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genomes of two whipworms Trichuris ovis and Trichuris discolor (Nematoda: Trichuridae)","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, A., Yang, X., Zhang, T., Wang, C., Zhou, C., Yan, X., Hassan, M., Ikram, M., and Hu, M. (2019). Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Ostertagia trifurcata of small ruminants and its phylogenetic associations for the Trichostrongyloidea superfamily. Genes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10020107"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-005-0102-7","article-title":"The mitochondrial genome of Xiphinema americanum sensu stricto (Nematoda: Enoplea): Considerable economization in the length and structural features of encoded genes","volume":"61","author":"He","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1093\/auk\/117.4.1003","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny and speciation in the tragopans","volume":"117","author":"Andi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00009807","article-title":"Discriminant analysis as a method for the numerical evaluation of taxonomic characters in male trichurid nematodes","volume":"29","year":"1994","journal-title":"Syst. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2478\/vzoo-2018-0020","article-title":"Nematodes of the genus Trichuris (Nematoda, Trichuridae), parasitizing sheep in central and South-Eastern regions of Ukraine","volume":"52","author":"Yevstafieva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vestn. Zool."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2011.03.004","article-title":"Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genomes of five Eimeria species from domestic chickens","volume":"480","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.7.792","article-title":"The architecture and complete sequence of mitochondrial genome of an assassin bug agriosphodrus dohrni (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.8.93","article-title":"The complete mitochondrial genome of the damsel bug Alloeorhynchus bakeri (Hemiptera: Nabidae)","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-010-0355-0","article-title":"The complete mitochondrial genomes of three cestode species of Taenia infecting animals and humans","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.4096","article-title":"Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) from China","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.08.030","article-title":"The complete mitochondrial genome of Orientobilharzia turkestanicum supports its affinity with African Schistosoma spp.","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/10\/6\/438\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:57:08Z","timestamp":1760187428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/10\/6\/438"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,9]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["genes10060438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes10060438","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,9]]}}}